Hematopoiesis

Question 1

Hematopoiesis definition

Answer 1

Formation of blood cells

Occur in the bone marrow

Question 2

Major types of blood cells

Answer 2

Erythrocytes
Thrombocytes
Leukocytes

Question 3

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 3

Erythroblast
Myeloblast
Monoblast
Lymphoblast 
Megakaryoblast

Question 4

Growth factor

Answer 4

A protein capable of stimulating cellular proliferation and cellular differentiation
Examples: cytokines and hormones

Question 5

Cytokine

Answer 5

Historically, associated with hematopoietic cells and immune system cells.

Question 6

TPO

Answer 6

Thrombopoietin

Question 7

GM-CSF

Answer 7

Granulocyte Macrophage-colony stimulating factor

Question 8

Epo

Answer 8

Erythropoietin

Question 9

G-CSF

Answer 9

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor

Question 10

Thrombopoietin

Answer 10

myeloid progenitor cells differentiate to megakaryocytes (thrombocyte-forming cells)

Question 11

Erythropoietin

Answer 11

Regulates maturation from a myeloid progenitor cell (erythroid precursor) to become an erythrocyte

Question 12

Erythropoietin Produced

Answer 12

Produced in the kidneys (Renal Medulla)

Question 13

Erythropoietin Why produced in

kidney?

Answer 13

Operates at low-oxygen tension and participate in the blood filtration
Sensing and regulating the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
Reduced (or increased) oxygen in the blood
increased (reduced) erythropoietin
Increased (reduced) erythrocytes in the bone marrow

Question 14

G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, GCSF, or CSF-3)

Answer 14

Involved in proliferation and maturation of granulocytes, neutrophils and stems cells
Stimulate the production of leukocytes

Question 15

GM-CSF

Answer 15

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor.

Question 16

GM-CSF Clinical significance

Answer 16

Medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy.

Question 17

GM-CSF

Answer 17

Immune/inflammatory cascade:
GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes.
Monocytes, then, mature into macrophages.
Activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection.

Question 18

components of blood

Answer 18

Formed elements (cells), Plasma

Question 19

Erythrocytes

Answer 19

Small cells
Diameters: 6.5-8 um
4-6 million cells/uL

No nucleous, No mitochondria, no ribosomes

Question 20

Leukocytes

Answer 20

Classified based on nuclear shape and granule shapes (and types)
Larger
Diameters: 12-15 um
Less abundant: 4000-10,000 cells/uL

Question 21

Granulocytes

Answer 21

Neutrophils (60-70% of Leukocyes)
Eosinophils (2-4%)
Basophils (0-1%)

Question 22

Neutrophils

Answer 22

Nuclei with 2-5 lobes and fine chromatin threads

Small primary granules and secondary granules

Question 23

Eosinophils

Answer 23

Bi-lobed nuclei and numerous large granules (bright red orange)

Question 24

Basophils

Answer 24

Irregular multi-bobulated nuclei and numerous blue granules

Question 25

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Answer 25

White blood cells without granules

Question 26

Monocytes (Precursor of macrophage):

Answer 26

Large (12-20 um)

Kidney shaped nucleus

Question 27

Lymphocytes

Answer 27

Smaller (similar to erythrocytes)

Spherical nucleus-stains darkly, thin cytoplasm

Question 28

Platelets

Answer 28

Small (2-4um)
150,000-450,000 cells/uL (more than leukocytes; less than erythrocytes)
Anucleate cell fragments
Membrane enclosed sacs of cytoplasm
Puhch off from magakaryocytes