Hematopoesis Flashcards
Hematopoiesis is what and occures where?
Formation of all blood cells
Occur in the bone marrow
Erythrocytes are what?
RBC
Trombocytes are what?
platelets
Leukocytes are what?
White blood cells
-myeloid cells
-lymphocytes
Need to keep the one there that needs to continue to make daughter cells so you can have them throughout your life
What week of gestation do we make red blood cells?
5th week
What continues to make these blood cells in the fetus?
liver and spleen
What about after you are born for making bloods cells?
bone marrow
Where is the red marrow generally confined to in an adult?
3
pelvis ribs and sternum
Why are RBC donut shaped?
increase surface area for carrying oxygen
Thrombocyte is oddly shaped why?
to latch on to stuff
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells develop into what?
5
Erythroblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Megakaryoblast
What path does the Eryrthoblast follow and what does it become?
Erythroid pathway)
Mature into Erythrocytes
What path does the myeloblast, monoblast, and lymphoblast follow and what do they mature into?
(Leukocyte pathway)
Mature into granulocyte, monocyte, lymphocyte
What path does the megakaryoblast follow and what does it mature into?
(thrombocyte pathway)
Mature into megakaryocyte, then thrombocyte
How does growth factor regulate blood cells?
What are examples?
2
A protein capable of stimulating cellular proliferation and cellular differentiation
Examples: cytokines and hormones
What is cytokine associated with historically?
2
hematopoietic cells and immune system cells.
Abbreviations to remember? Tpo GM-CSF Epo G-CSF
- Thrombopoietin
- Granulocyte Macrophage-colony stimulating factor
- Erythropoietin
- Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor
Other abbreviations to be familiar with? SCF IL M-CSF SDF-1 FLT-3 ligand TNF-a TGFb(beta)
SCF= Stem Cell Factor
IL= Interleukin
M-CSF= Macrophage-colony stimulating factor
SDF-1= Stromal cell-derived factor-1
FLT-3 ligand= FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand
TNF-a = Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TGFβ = Transforming growth factor beta
What is thrombopoietin?
myeloid progenitor cells differentiate to megakaryocytes (thrombocyte-forming cells)
platelets
What is erythropoietin?
Where is it produced?
Regulates maturation from a myeloid progenitor cell (erythroid precursor) to become an erythrocyte
Produced in the kidneys (Renal Medulla)
Why is Erythropoietin produced in the kidney?
3
- Operates at low-oxygen tension and participate in the blood filtration
- Sensing and regulating the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
- Reduced (or increased) oxygen in the blood
- -increased (reduced) erythropoietin
- -Increased (reduced) erythrocytes in the bone marrow
Is able to read how the blood is regulated so thats why its produced there
Function of G-CSF (Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor, GCSF, or CSF-3) ?
- Involved in proliferation and maturation of granulocytes, neutrophils and stems cells
- Stimulate the production of leukocytes
What leukocytes does G-CSF stimulate specifically?
3
Stimulate to produce granulocyte and stem cells in the bone marrow
Stimulate survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of neutrophil precursors and mature neutrophils
- granulocytes
- stem cells
- neutrophils
What kind of infection is G-CSF specifically needed in?
bacterial
What is GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) ?
Cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor.
Whats the clinical significance of GM-CSF (Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)?
Medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy.
What stimulates the immune/inflammatory cascade?
Describe the steps in the cascade
3
GM-CSF
- GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes.
- Monocytes, then, mature into macrophages.
- Activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection.
What are the two components of blood tissue?
Formed elements and plasma
What makes up the formed elements of blood tissue?
3
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
What makes up the plasma portion of blood tissue?
3
aqueous medium, containing proteins, small molecules, and ions
What are erythrocytes missing?
3
No nucleous, No mitochondria, no ribosomes
What is the size and frequency of RBCs in the body?
Small cells
Diameters: 6.5-8 um
4-6 million cells/uL
What are the size and frequency of leukocytes in the body?
Larger
Diameters: 12-15 um
Less abundant: 4000-10,000 cells/uL
Describe platelets
3
small
150,000-450,000 cells/uL (more than leukocytes; less than erythrocytes)
No nucleus
Whats the difference b/w GM-CSF and G-CSF?
GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor):
- stimulates production of granulocytes (mostly neutrophils) and monocytes/macrophages
- used clinically to improve regeneration of these cells after bone marrow transplant
G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor):
- stimulates production of granulocytes (mostly neutrophils)
- used clinically to prevent infections in pts who have received chemo
