Hematology/ Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the byproducts of RBCs

A

Bilirubin
Iron

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2
Q

What are the assessment findings for anemia (7)

A

Pallor
Fatigue
Weakness
Tachycardia
Increased RR
Dizziness
HA
Irritability

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3
Q

What are some risks for patients with anemia

A

Prone to Infections
Infections worsen with anemia

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4
Q

Which populations are at risk for Iron deficiency Anemia (7)

A

Preterms infants
Multiple Births
Infants 6-24 months
Female adolescents
Mothers has Iron deficiency
Milk babies , >32 oz
Pica habits ( eating nonfood substances)

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5
Q

What are some management for Iron deficiency Anemia

A

Diet- iron enriched foods
Oral iron supplements- ferrous sulfate
Blood transfusions

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6
Q

What is some patient education for Iron supp. (5)

A

No milk
Give on empty stomach
Give will citrus juice
Use straw/dropper
Stools will be tarrry

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7
Q

What are some triggers for sickling

A

Dehydration
Acidosis
Hypoxia
Temp changes
Infection

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8
Q

What happens during a sickling attack

A

Blockage of blood vessels causing ischemia and infarction

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9
Q

What are some acute signs of a vaso-Occlusive crisis (VOC)(6)

A

Acute pain
Fever
Edematous hand and feet
Arthralgia
Leg ulcers
CVA
Abdominal pain

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10
Q

What are some chronic signs of VOCs (5)

A

Splenomegaly
Hepatomegaly
Kidney issues
Bone changes
Retinal detachment

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11
Q

What are some signs of acute chest syndrome (6)

A

Fever
Cough
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Wheezing
Deceased O2

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12
Q

What is some management for VOC (4)

A

Hydration - I&O, Electrolytes replacement
Analgesics
Blood transfusion
Hydroxyurea

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13
Q

What is the safe level for lead in children?

A

0 . Lead is not safe for children

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14
Q

What level of lead is considered lead poisoning

A

> 5mcg

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15
Q

What can lead poisoning cause?

A

Anemia

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16
Q

What are some s/s of lead poisoning (8)

A

Anemia
Cramping
Vomiting
Constipation
Anorexia
HA
Lethargy
Impartial growth

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17
Q

What are some CNS early signs of Lead poisoning (4)

A

Impulsiveness
Short attention span
Aggression
Decreased interest in play
Irritability

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18
Q

What are some late CNS manifestations of lead poisoning

A

Mental retardation
Paralysis
Blindness
Convulsions
Coma
Death

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19
Q

Can the late CNS symptoms for lead poisoning be reversed?

A

No

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20
Q

What are the normal ranges for HGb
Newborn
Infants
Kids
Adolescents

A

14-24
10-17
9.5-15.5
12-18

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21
Q

What is splenic sequestration crisis

A

A sickle cell crisis in the spleen. Blood pools in spleen and go into volemic shock

22
Q

What is a aplastic crisis

A

A viral infection what causes the decrease of production of RBC

23
Q

What is a hyperhemolytic crisis

A

When the body destroys RBC faster than normal

24
Q

What does Hydroxyurea do

A

Increases the production of Fetal HGb

25
Q

What is special about Fetal HGb?

A

It doesn’t sickle

26
Q

What are the interventions for lead poisoning (2)

A

Identify and isolate source
Chelation-protects kidneys- give fluids

27
Q

Which gender is affected by hemophilia

A

Males

28
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A bleeding disorder involving coagulation factor (Hemophilia A) 8 and (Hemophilia B) 9

29
Q

What are some signs of hemophilia

A

Prolonged bleeding post circumcision
Excessive bruising
Hematuria
Blood in stool
Hematomas
Hemarthrosis-

30
Q

What lab can they run for hemophilia (2)

A

PTT
Factor test

31
Q

What are some ways to control the bleeding ?

A

Factor replacement prophylactically
RICE

32
Q

What is instructions for nosebleeds

A

Pinch nose and look down

33
Q

What is immune thrombocytopenia (ITP)

A

An autoimmune disorder that destroys platelets

34
Q

What are some s/s of (ITP)

A

Easy bruising
Petechiae
Nosebleeds
Prolonged bleeding

35
Q

With ongoing bleeding and looking at bone marrow, what does it mean if it’s normal?
What does it mean if it’s abnormal?

A

ITP
Leukemia

36
Q

What is vertical transmission of HIV

A

Mom to baby

37
Q

What are some examples of of horizontal transmission of HIV

A

Sexual contract
HIV infected blood products
Adolescents high risk behavior- drugs

38
Q

What is a surgical treatment for chronic ITP

A

A splenectomy

39
Q

What are some interventions for HIV + children’s?

A

Medication Therapy-ART, prevent infections
Standard Precaution
Nutritional support- HIV can lead to FTT
Immunizations- no live vaccines

40
Q

What are some symptoms of cancer in children (7)

A

Unusual mass
Unexplained loss of energy
Tendency to bruise
Localizing pain
Prolonged illness
sudden vision changes
Excessive Weight loss

41
Q

What are some s/s of ALL cancer

A

Anemia
Infections
Bleeding
bone/joint pain
Physicologic fractures

42
Q

What is a Neuroblastoma

A

A solid tumor that development around nerves (spinal cord), it also crosses the midline of the body

43
Q

What is a nephroblastoma (Wilma tumors)

A

A mass that developments in the kidney

44
Q

What is contradicted with a Wilma tumor

A

To palpate the bladder/abdomen

45
Q

What is some pt. Teaching with radiation (3)

A

No soap, cream, lotion or powders on targeted area
Wear soft loose cotton clothing
Keep area protected from the sun

46
Q

What is the formula for ANC

A

Neutophils(segs+ bands)xWBCx10

47
Q

What is a concept of death of a infant/ toddler

A

No concept of death

48
Q

What are the concepts of death for a preschooler

A

Death is temporary, a kind of sleep, a trip

49
Q

What is the concept of death for a school age child

A

Death is irreversible, not inevitable
Fears of mutilation

50
Q

What is the concept of death for an adolescent child

A

Death is inevitable, irreversible

51
Q

What is the concept of death for a adolescent child

A

Death is inevitable and irreversible