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Hematology > Hematology- Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematology- Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

List the constituents of blood?

A

-plama( made of plasma proteins, globular and fibrinogen

  • Buffy coat ( thrombocytopenia and leucocytes)

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

List the 5 types of white blood cells

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils ,lymphocytes and monocytes

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3
Q

Functions of each type

A

Neutrophils- phagocyytic effective against bacteria

Eosinophils- phagocytic antigen-antibody complexes. Increase antihistamines. Increase in allergies and parasitic infections

Basophils- promotes inflammation

Lymphocytes-primary specific immunity. B and t cells

Monocytes- served as antigen presenting cells, very effective in engulfing pathogens

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4
Q

List the functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation: o2 from the lungs to the cells of the body and co2 from the cells to the lungs

Carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to the cells. Heat and waste products away from cells and hormones to other body cells

2.regulation: blood regulates ph through buffers

Adjust temperature through heat absorbing and coolant properties of it’s water content

  1. Protection: the clotting mechanism protects against blood loss

Certain phagocytic white blood cells protect against foreign pathogens

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5
Q

Define haemopoiesis

A

Process of the formation of Blood cellular components

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6
Q

What are the sites of haemopoiesis

A
  1. Yolk sac- 3rd week of gestation
    2.liver- 2nd month
    3.bone marrow cavitives- gradually, 3rd trimester
  2. Bone marrow- postnatal
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7
Q

Monophyletic theory

A

Suggest that there is a common partent cell of all forming elements of blood

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8
Q

Dualistic theory

A

Suggest two sources of haemopoiesis: lymhoid and myeloid

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9
Q

Polyphyletic theory

A

Suggest different groups of Blood cells originate from different stem cells

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10
Q

List the cellular organization of haematopoiesis

A

Stem cells

Page it or ces
Precursor and effector

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11
Q

Talk about stem cells

A

1 totipotential
2. Resides in bone marrow
small amounts circulate the blood
3.dysfunction leads to a plastic anemia or certain types of leukemia

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12
Q

Talk about progenitor cells

A

1 lymphoid or myeloid
2.derived from totipotential stem cells
3.lymphoids give rise to mature lymphocytes and myeloids give to granulocytes , monocytes and platelets

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13
Q

Talk about precursor cells

A

First morphological identifiable cells
Erythroblasts- red blood cells
Myeloblasts- granulocytes
Monoblasts- monocytes
Lmyphoblasts- lymphocytes
Megakaryoblast-platelets

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14
Q

List the two types of bone marrow

A
  1. Medula ossium ruba (red marrow)
  2. Medula ossium flava (yellow marrow)
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15
Q

M:E ratio myeloid to erythroid ratio
Normal ratio?

A

Normally 3-4.1
Decreased m: e (hemolytic and megaoblastic anemias
Increased m:e ( leukaemoid reactions

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16
Q

Pathologic samples of bone marrow obtained by ………… and sites include……

A

Bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration

Sites include sterum and anterior abd posterior Iliac spines

17
Q

What are haematopoietic growth factors?

A

Haematopoietics growth factors are glycoproteins hormones that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of h. Progenitor comes and the function of mature cells

Refered to as csf

18
Q

List different growth factors , source and function

A

See lecture 1 slide 39.

19
Q

Define extramedullary haematopoiesis

A

Normal blood cells outside the bone marrow

20
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death;cells de grade for the body to eliminate unwanted/dysfunctional cells

21
Q

List the 2 reasons for apoptosis

A
  1. Withdrawal of positive signal eg. (Il2)
  2. Receipt of negative signals eg. Increase level of oxidants( damage dna)
22
Q

List 3 imducers of apoptosis

A
  1. Growth factors withdrawals
  2. Uv and gamma radiation
  3. Toxins
    4 nutrients deprivation
23
Q

What does CASPASES mean
And what is the purpose of it

A

. Cysteine asparate specific protease

Function- role in apoptosis is to cut of contact with surrounding cells

24
Q

List the factors involved in erythropoesis

A

Erythropoietin and IL 3 , g csf

25
Q

List the stages of erythropoesis

A
  1. Proerythroblast
  2. Basophilic erythroblast
  3. Polychromatophilic erythroblast
  4. Orthochromatic erythroblast
    5.polychromatophil8c erythrocyte(reticulocyte)
  5. Mature Rbc
26
Q

Ineffective erythrocytes may occur in…..

A
  1. External blood loss
  2. Chronic inflammation
  3. Lack of erythropoietin
  4. Cytotoxic bone marrow injury
27
Q

What is the formation of white blood cells called?

A

Leucopoesis

28
Q

Review the formation of granulocytopoiesis

A

Lecture 1 pg 62

29
Q

List the functions of white blood cells

A

Nuetrophils- localized response, acute inflammation

Eosinophils-anti parasitic hypersensitivity

Basophils- igE mediated hypersensitivity

Hematology (2 decks)

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