Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Medicine Exam 4 > Hematology, cont. > Flashcards

Hematology, cont. Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 body systems are commonly linked?

A

Hematologic, immune, and lymphatic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is edema?

A

Excess fluid in interstitial tissues or body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is congestion?

A

Excess blood within vessels of an organ or tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is infarction?

A

Area of necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

Solid mass of clotted blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

A hematologic disorder, obstruction of lymph vessels or nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is purpura?

A

A hemorrhagic condition in which there are insufficient platelets to plug leaking vessels, blood moves under the skin and through mucous membranes, producing spontaneous ecchymoses (bruises) or petechiae (small red patches)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is thrombocytopenic purpura?

A

A decrease in circulating platelets, leads to bleeding from any body orifice aka the easy bleeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is shock?

A

When the cardiovascular system fails to perfuse the tissues adequately

Leads to impaired cellular metabolism (impaired oxygen and glucose use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the manifestations of shock?

A 
Vary based on stage, but include:
hypotension
tachycardia
increased RR
cool extremities
decreased pulses and urine output
altered mental status (AMS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

Decreased cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is hypovolemic shock?

A

loss of whole blood or interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is neurogenic shock?

A

Usually trauma to spinal cord or CNS, massive parasympathetic overstimulation and sympathetic understimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Hypersensitivity/allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is septic shock?

A

Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an indication of shock?

A

Cool extremities, because they are not getting enough blood flow to the extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How should lymph nodes normally feel?

A

rubbery, mobile, small (less than or equal to 1 cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What hematologic conditions might splenomegaly be present in?

A

Infectious mononucleosis
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Extramedullary hematopoiesis=when spleen takes over for bone marrow and produces RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What might changes in coagulation cause?

A

Increased risk of thrombus, increased work for the heart, breathing, tissue perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are exercise precautions for platelet levels?

A

40,000-60,000=low platelets, keep exercise in low-load endurance (1 to 2 lb)-walk, bike, ADL

20,000-40,000=low intensity and no resistance

less than 10,000=at risk for spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What precautions do you follow with splenomegaly?

A

Since it is usually associated with rapid destruction of blood cells, so follow clotting precautions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does exercise and sport affect blood volume and erythrocytes?

A 
Blood volume (plasma)=increases immediately
Erythrocytes=increases over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the risky effects of blood doping through exogenous EPO?

A

Can increase blood viscosity and thrombus formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What may indicate hypovolemia?
any time systolic drops 20 points or more, accompanied by HR increase 15 BPM
26
What are the common causes of hypovolemia?
Dehydration (number 1), diarrhea, slow bleed
27
What can be another cause of a drop in BP with a rise in pulse?
1. normovolemic but on antihypertensives | 2. orthostatic hypotension
28
What are recombinant human erythropoietin products?
rHuEpo, EPO, epogen=stimulates erythropoietin to elevate RBCs reduces the need for human blood transfusions
29
What are the possible reactions to blood and blood products?
1. Febrile Nonhemolytic Reaction 2. Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury 3. Adult Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction 4. Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction 5. Allergic Reaction to donated plasma 6. Anaphylaxis 7. Septic Reaction, Hep B and C
30
What is febrile nonhemolytic reaction?
Reaction of either the donor leukocyte cytokines or alloantibodies of recipient Usually transient, occurs in less than 1% of RBC transfusions, 30% of platelet transfusions Usually see a raise in temperature around a degree or 2
31
How do you treat febrile nonhemolytic reaction?
Stop the transfusion, administer antipyretics or corticosteroids
32
What are the results of transfusion-related acute lung injury? How common is it?
Ranges from mild SOB to Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 1 in 2000 transfusions
33
What is adult hemolytic transfusion reaction?
occurs in 1 in 25,000 transfusions | ABO incompatibility
34
What are the results of adult hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Can be fatal, result in DIC, renal failure, severe hypotension
35
What is delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Donated erythrocytes quickly removed by recipient's alloantibodies, body attacks everything as an invader May occur 1 to 4 weeks after transfusion Often asymptomatic, just no boost from transfusion
36
How do you treat an allergic reaction to donated plasma?
Antihistamines, corticosteroids
37
How common is anaphylaxis to drug transfusions and how is it treated?
1 in 20,000 to 50,000 | Treated as shock protocol
38
What has decreased the septic reaction, hep B or C from blood transfusions? How is treated?
improved lab screening | treated per source of sepsis
39
What are the s/s of febrile, nonhemolytic transfusion reaction?
``` Fever, chills HA nausea, vomiting hypertension tachycardia ```
40
What are the s/s of transfusion related acute lung injury?
pulmonary edema acute respiratory distress severe hypoxia
41
What are the s/s of acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?
``` fever, chills N/V flank and abdominal pain HA dyspnea hypotension tachycardia red urine ```
42
What are the s/s of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction?
Unexplained drop in Hb=anemia Increased bilirubin level=jaundice Increased lactate dehydrogenase level
43
What are the s/s of allergic reactions?
hives, rash wheezing mucosal edema
44
What are the s/s of anaphylaxis?
``` Abrupt hypotension edema of the larynx difficult breathing neause abdominal pain diarrhea shock respiratory arrest ```
45
What are the s/s of septic reactions?
``` Fever, chills Hypotension HA Back, chest, abdominal pain Shortness of breath ```
46
What are the s/s of circulatory overload?
``` Red face SOB tachycardia orthopnea hypertension HA seizures ```
47
What are examples of minimally invasive surgery?
Scopes gamma knife harmonic scalpel argon beams
48
What is normovolemic hemodilution?
Remove the person's own blood and replace with intravenous crystalline/colloid solution (acts like plasma) to maintain volume, post-op, person's own blood is returned
49
What are the risks of cell salvage techniques, retransfusing own blood?
Can increase infection/hemolysis rates
50
How should a PT treat a pt following surgery?
Monitor lab values when treating patient, adjust treatment and intensity accordingly
51
What is hemochromatosis?
Autosomal recessive hereditary disorder, 1 out of 8 to 12 people is a carrier of one abnormal gene; prevalence is likely higher, because of undiagnosis Excessive absorption of iron from small intestine
52
What is the common population of hemochromatosis?
Onset of sx at forty to sixty | Caucasions of North European Descent
53
What are the s/s of hemochromatosis?
Weakness, chronic fatigue, myalgia, joint pain, abnormal bronzing of the skin
54
How is hemochromatosis diagnosed?
Blood tests and liver biopsy
55
How is hemochromatosis treated?
By bleeding the patient, can be a blood donation | Initial treatment might be 1 pint/week, maintenance 1 pint/2-4 months for life
56
What can hemochromatosis lead to?
Pancreatic damage and diabetes mellitus Arthritis Liver failure Cardiac myopathy, CHF, arrhythmias Thyroid Deficiency-fatigue and weight gain Damage to the adrenal glands=immune and electrolyte regulation problems Arthropathy Calcium deposits, acute inflammatory arthritis
57
How can we treat a pt with hemochromatosis?
Interventions for flexibility, strength, ADs, splints, ADLs
58
How can anemia affect exercise?
Decreases exercise tolerance and impairs oxygenation
59
What should we monitor older adults for?
Circulation issues, changes in cognitive function with exercise
60
What may sedentary lifestyle be a result of?
self-imposed changes to accomodate diminished oxygenation and anemia
61
What are sx of severe anemia?
Increased cardiac output, decreased exercise tolerance, resulting in dyspnea, tachycardia, and palpitations
62
What are young female athletes at risk for?
Anemia and iron deficiency, may also have inadequate dietary intake
63
How should you exercise pts in chronic renal failure?
at lower intensities, VO2 max is 20% lower than normal
64
What are pts with both anemia and cardiovascular disease at greater risk of?
Angina
65
How does anemia affect wound healing?
It impairs it
66
What type of anemia may affect the nervous system?
B12 (pernicious)
67
How do ASA and NSAIDs exert their effects on platelets?
They inactivate platelet cyclooxygenase, which is an enzyme needed for thromboxane A2 (platelet aggregation and arterial smooth muscle constrictor)
68
How does ASA affect platelets?
A single dose of ASA can suppress normal platelet aggregation for 48 hours to up to a week. It irreversibly inhibits COX, so platelets are inactivated for the rest of their life span (they live about 8 days). Why the platelet count is reduced, they are there, but useless
69
How does NSAIDs affect platelets?
Effects on COX are reversible, have milder effects on platelets, such as bruising and skin bleeding, still should D/C NSAIDs pre-op
70
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?
Overactivation of the clotting cascade, with paradoxical clotting and hemorrhage at the same time, have a wide deposition of fibrin in circulation, but it accumulates in the major organs (incl. skin) Often in respiratory distress due to increased activity in the alveolus
71
What is DIC common after?
shock, sepsis, OB/GYN complications, cancer, trauma
72
How can you decrease the mortality rate of DIC?
Early recognition and treatment
73
How should we treat a pt with DIC?
Pts will be in ICU, no PT during bleeding episodes, monitor the lab values closely to decide when to mobilize a pt, may turn them, maybe get them in sitting=a supportive role

Clinical Medicine Exam 4 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions