Hematology Basics, Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis, Myelopoiesis

Question 1

What is the average volume of blood in an adult body?

Answer 1

4-6 L
or
roughly 8% of the body weight

Question 2

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 2

7.35 - 7.45

Question 3

What percentage of blood made up of formed elements?

Answer 3

45%

Question 4

What percentage of blood made up of plasma?

Answer 4

55%

Question 5

What is comprised of a plasma membrane surrounding a solution of proteins (mainly hemoglobin) and electrolytes and has no nucleus or inclusions?

Answer 5

Red Blood Cell

Question 6

What is the diameter of an RBC?

Answer 6

7-8 µm

Question 7

What cell does this describe?

1-4 µm diameter, shape varies, no nucleus

Answer 7

Thrombocyte, Platelet

Question 8

How many platelets in one immersion oil field are considered normal?

Answer 8

7-15 Platelets, including those that are clumped together

Question 9

True or False: Immature Leukocytes are sometimes a normal find in peripheral blood

Answer 9

False, immature WBCs are never normal

Question 10

How many lobes are found in Segmented Neutrophils?

Answer 10

2-5 but most often 3

Question 11

Why are Neutrophils segmented?

Answer 11

To allow them to flex and squeeze through tight spaces

Question 12

Describe the nucleus of a Segmented Neutrophil

Answer 12

Chromatin is heavily clumped, pyknotic, coarse; stains purple-red

Question 13

Describe the cytoplasm of a Neutrophil

Answer 13

Light pink; has fine granules distributed evenly throughout

Question 14

What is the role of a Neutrophil?

Answer 14

First line of defense against infection

Question 15

What is the size of a Neutrophil?

Answer 15

14-16 µm, approx. twice the size of an RBC

Question 16

What are the Absolute Values of Segmented Neutrophils?

Answer 16

2400-7500 per µL

50-70% of total WBCs

Question 17

What are the Absolute Values for Band Neutrophils?

Answer 17

100-650 per µL

2-6% of total WBCs

Question 18

Describe the nucleus of a Band Neutrophil

Answer 18

Clumped, shaped like a horseshoe often with very dark pyknotic masses at either pole where the lobes will eventually form

Question 19

When unsure if a Neutrophil is either a Band or Segmented, which one should you go with?

Answer 19

Segmented, as the lobes will often lay over top of each other and there are statistically many more Seg’s than Bands

Question 20

What are the Absolute Values for Eosinophils?

Answer 20

0-450/µL

0-4% of total WBCs

Question 21

Describe the nucleus of an Eosinophil

Answer 21

Usually either a band or two-lobed, rarely will have 3 lobes; condensed chromatin

Question 22

Describe the cytoplasm of an Eosinophil

Answer 22

Numerous large, round, evenly distributed granules that have an affinity for the acidic stain eosin; stain orange or red-orange

Question 23

Which 2 Leukocytes experience diurnal variation?

Answer 23

Eosinophils and Basophils increase at night and decrease in the morning

Question 24

What are the Absolute Values for Basophils?

Answer 24

0-200µL

0-2% of total WBCs

Question 25

Describe the cytoplasm of Basophil

Answer 25

Large, coarse, and abundant violet-blue to blue-black granules of Histamine unevenly distributed all over the cell, even over the top of the nucleus, obscuring it; If slide is improperly prepared, granules may be washed away as they are water-soluble

Question 26

What are the Absolute Values of Lymphocytes?

Answer 26

1200-3400µL | 20-44% of total WBCs

Question 27

What are the two most common Leukocytes?

Answer 27

Segmented Neutrophils and Lymphocytes

Question 28

How big are Lymphocytes?

Answer 28

Most are small (7-10µm) but others are intermediate or large; Size can change depending on the thickness of the blood smear (round and small when smear is thick, large and spread out when smear is thin)

Question 29

Describe the nucleus of a Lymphocyte

Answer 29

Roughly the same size as an adjacent RBC; Nuclei are round or slightly indented; Chromatin is lumpy or clumped, stains dark purple w/ lighter purple areas between chromatin masses; May have nucleoli present but they are very hard to see

Question 30

Describe the cytoplasm of a Lymphocyte

Answer 30

N:C ratio is huge, 4:1 - 2:1; Margins frequently indented by neighboring cells or develop spiky filaments, giving the cytoplasm a "frayed" look; Occasionally develops a pointed spindle shape; Most don't have granules; large cells might but they will be large, uneven, and easily numerated (a purple-ish red color)

Question 31

What are the Absolute Values of a Monocyte?

Answer 31

100-900µL | 2-9%

Question 32

How big are Monocytes?

Answer 32

12-18µL, larger than a Neutrophil

Question 33

Describe the nucleus of a Monocyte

Answer 33

Often kidney-shaped, deeply folded, indented, or more rarely, lobular; Have convolutions like a brain; Chromatin is lacy and delicate with small clumps

Question 34

Describe the cytoplasm of a Monocyte

Answer 34

Very abundant, dull grey-blue may be clear or opaque, shape is highly variable; May contain vacuoles; Numerous, small, evenly distributed granules can give it a "ground glass" appearance; may also have other granules; may have no granules; May develop pseudopods (can be clear or granulated)

Question 35

Hematopoietic stem cells split into these two cells:

Answer 35

A duplicate stem cell and a progenitor cell

Question 36

Which organs are involved in Adult Hematopoiesis?

Answer 36

Bone Marrow, Spleen, Liver, Thymus, Lymph Nodes

Question 37

What organs are involved in Fetal Hematopoiesis?

Answer 37

Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow | [Young Lady, Speak Boldly]

Question 38

What is the role of the Bone Marrow Pool do in Hematopoiesis?

Answer 38

Proliferate and Mature all Granulocytes, Thrombocytes, and Erythrocytes; Also stores a number of Granulocytes

Question 39

What is the role of the Peripheral Blood Pool in Hematopoiesis?

Answer 39

Circulates only mature Erythrocytes; 70% of Thrombocytes are circulated, 30% are stored; 50% of Granulocytes are functional, 50% are stored

Question 40

What is the maturation sequence of Erythropoiesis?

Answer 40

Pronormoblast - Rubriblast Basophilic Normoblast - Prorubricyte Polychromatiphilic Normoblast - Rubricyte Orthochromatic Normoblast - Metarubricyte Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte - Reticulocyte Erythrocyte [Profitable Business Pollute Our Personal Environment]

Question 41

What happens as a cell undergoes Erythropoiesis?

Answer 41

``` Cell volume is reduced Chromatin is condensed N:C ratio is decreased Nucleoli are lost RNA is decreased Mitochondria are reduced Hemoglobin synthesis is increased ```