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Hematology > Hematology Basics, Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis, Myelopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematology Basics, Hematopoiesis, Erythropoiesis, Myelopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average volume of blood in an adult body?

A

4-6 L
or
roughly 8% of the body weight

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2
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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3
Q

What percentage of blood made up of formed elements?

A

45%

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4
Q

What percentage of blood made up of plasma?

A

55%

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5
Q

What is comprised of a plasma membrane surrounding a solution of proteins (mainly hemoglobin) and electrolytes and has no nucleus or inclusions?

A

Red Blood Cell

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6
Q

What is the diameter of an RBC?

A

7-8 µm

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7
Q

What cell does this describe?

1-4 µm diameter, shape varies, no nucleus

A

Thrombocyte, Platelet

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8
Q

How many platelets in one immersion oil field are considered normal?

A

7-15 Platelets, including those that are clumped together

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9
Q

True or False: Immature Leukocytes are sometimes a normal find in peripheral blood

A

False, immature WBCs are never normal

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10
Q

How many lobes are found in Segmented Neutrophils?

A

2-5 but most often 3

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11
Q

Why are Neutrophils segmented?

A

To allow them to flex and squeeze through tight spaces

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12
Q

Describe the nucleus of a Segmented Neutrophil

A

Chromatin is heavily clumped, pyknotic, coarse; stains purple-red

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13
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of a Neutrophil

A

Light pink; has fine granules distributed evenly throughout

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14
Q

What is the role of a Neutrophil?

A

First line of defense against infection

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15
Q

What is the size of a Neutrophil?

A

14-16 µm, approx. twice the size of an RBC

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16
Q

What are the Absolute Values of Segmented Neutrophils?

A

2400-7500 per µL

50-70% of total WBCs

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17
Q

What are the Absolute Values for Band Neutrophils?

A

100-650 per µL

2-6% of total WBCs

18
Q

Describe the nucleus of a Band Neutrophil

A

Clumped, shaped like a horseshoe often with very dark pyknotic masses at either pole where the lobes will eventually form

19
Q

When unsure if a Neutrophil is either a Band or Segmented, which one should you go with?

A

Segmented, as the lobes will often lay over top of each other and there are statistically many more Seg’s than Bands

20
Q

What are the Absolute Values for Eosinophils?

A

0-450/µL

0-4% of total WBCs

21
Q

Describe the nucleus of an Eosinophil

A

Usually either a band or two-lobed, rarely will have 3 lobes; condensed chromatin

22
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of an Eosinophil

A

Numerous large, round, evenly distributed granules that have an affinity for the acidic stain eosin; stain orange or red-orange

23
Q

Which 2 Leukocytes experience diurnal variation?

A

Eosinophils and Basophils increase at night and decrease in the morning

24
Q

What are the Absolute Values for Basophils?

A

0-200µL

0-2% of total WBCs

25
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of Basophil

A

Large, coarse, and abundant violet-blue to blue-black granules of Histamine unevenly distributed all over the cell, even over the top of the nucleus, obscuring it;
If slide is improperly prepared, granules may be washed away as they are water-soluble

26
Q

What are the Absolute Values of Lymphocytes?

A

1200-3400µL

20-44% of total WBCs

27
Q

What are the two most common Leukocytes?

A

Segmented Neutrophils and Lymphocytes

28
Q

How big are Lymphocytes?

A

Most are small (7-10µm) but others are intermediate or large;
Size can change depending on the thickness of the blood smear (round and small when smear is thick, large and spread out when smear is thin)

29
Q

Describe the nucleus of a Lymphocyte

A

Roughly the same size as an adjacent RBC;
Nuclei are round or slightly indented;
Chromatin is lumpy or clumped, stains dark purple w/ lighter purple areas between chromatin masses;
May have nucleoli present but they are very hard to see

30
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of a Lymphocyte

A

N:C ratio is huge, 4:1 - 2:1;
Margins frequently indented by neighboring cells or develop spiky filaments, giving the cytoplasm a “frayed” look;
Occasionally develops a pointed spindle shape;
Most don’t have granules; large cells might but they will be large, uneven, and easily numerated (a purple-ish red color)

31
Q

What are the Absolute Values of a Monocyte?

A

100-900µL

2-9%

32
Q

How big are Monocytes?

A

12-18µL, larger than a Neutrophil

33
Q

Describe the nucleus of a Monocyte

A

Often kidney-shaped, deeply folded, indented, or more rarely, lobular;
Have convolutions like a brain;
Chromatin is lacy and delicate with small clumps

34
Q

Describe the cytoplasm of a Monocyte

A

Very abundant, dull grey-blue may be clear or opaque, shape is highly variable;
May contain vacuoles;
Numerous, small, evenly distributed granules can give it a “ground glass” appearance; may also have other granules; may have no granules;
May develop pseudopods (can be clear or granulated)

35
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells split into these two cells:

A

A duplicate stem cell and a progenitor cell

36
Q

Which organs are involved in Adult Hematopoiesis?

A

Bone Marrow, Spleen, Liver, Thymus, Lymph Nodes

37
Q

What organs are involved in Fetal Hematopoiesis?

A

Yolk Sac, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow

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38
Q

What is the role of the Bone Marrow Pool do in Hematopoiesis?

A

Proliferate and Mature all Granulocytes, Thrombocytes, and Erythrocytes;
Also stores a number of Granulocytes

39
Q

What is the role of the Peripheral Blood Pool in Hematopoiesis?

A

Circulates only mature Erythrocytes;
70% of Thrombocytes are circulated, 30% are stored;
50% of Granulocytes are functional, 50% are stored

40
Q

What is the maturation sequence of Erythropoiesis?

A

Pronormoblast - Rubriblast
Basophilic Normoblast - Prorubricyte
Polychromatiphilic Normoblast - Rubricyte
Orthochromatic Normoblast - Metarubricyte
Polychromatophilic Erythrocyte - Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

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41
Q

What happens as a cell undergoes Erythropoiesis?

A 
Cell volume is reduced
Chromatin is condensed
N:C ratio is decreased
Nucleoli are lost
RNA is decreased
Mitochondria are reduced
Hemoglobin synthesis is increased

Hematology (1 decks)

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