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PAS 512 Clinical Medicine 1 > Hematology Background > Flashcards

Hematology Background Flashcards

1
Q

what values are provided in a complete blood count

A

RBC- total count of red blood cells

WBC- total count of white blood cells (differentials of each type of WBC if ordered)

Platelets- measure the number of platelets in the blood

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2
Q

RBC

A 
hematocrit
hemoglobin
MCH
MCHC
MCV
RDW
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3
Q

WBC

A 
neutrophils (%)
lymphocytes (%)
monocytes (%)
eosinophils (%)
basophils (%)
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4
Q

hematocrit

A

% of red blood cells in the total blood

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5
Q

hemoglobin

A

amount of Hgb molecules in blood, which carry O2

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6
Q

MCH

A

average mass of Hgb inside a RBC

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7
Q

MCHC

A

average concentration of Hgb in a RBC

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8
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume

average size of single RBC

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9
Q

RDW

A

red cell distribution width

calculates variation in size of RBCs

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10
Q

what are RBC indices

A

MCH
MCHC
MCV
RDW

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11
Q

what is the difference between MCH and MCHC?

A

MCH refers to the average mass of Hgb in a RBC, whereas MCHC refers to the average concentration of Hgb in an RBC

this difference matters because MCHC accounts for the size of the RBC (can be more accurate, shows if each RBC has the proper amount of Hgb)

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12
Q

what are inclusions?

A

nutrients or pigments in an RBC with no activity (ex. glycogen, lipids, or pigments)

the composition and physiology of inclusions are specific to different types of inclusions

identifying the type of inclusion can help us identify diseases, disorders, or infection

mature RBCs should not have inclusions, but reticulocytes might have inclusions

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13
Q

microcytosis

A

RBCs that are smaller than normal RBCs

identified by a low MCV

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14
Q

macorcytosis

A

RBCs that are larger than normal RBCs

identified by a high MCV

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15
Q

anisocytosis

A

RBCs that are unequal in size

identified by increased RDW

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16
Q

poikilocytosis

A

an increase in abnormally shaped RBCs that make up 10% of greater of total RBCs

identified on peripheral smear

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17
Q

macroovalocytes

A

enlarged, oval-shaped erythrocytes, commonly seen in megaloblastic anemia

identified by peripheral smear

18
Q

hypochromia

A

RBC that has less hemoglobin than normal

less color than normal cells under a microsope

identified with decreased MCC/MCHC

19
Q

hyperchromia

A

RBC that has more hemoglobin than normal

identified with increased MCH/MCHC

20
Q

polychromasia

A

presentation of multicolored RBCs in blood smear

indicative of premature release or erythrocytes from bone marrow

reticulocytes still have inclusions with cause multicolor

21
Q

schistocytes

A

RBC injury from damaged endothelium

identified by peripheral smear

think hemolytic anemia

22
Q

bite cells

A

erythrocytes with an irregular membrane that is a result of splenic macrophage-mediated removal of denatured hemoglobin

identified with peripheral smear

23
Q

sickle cells

A

sickle/crescent shape; can’t carry enough oxygen

identified with peripheral smear

24
Q

target cells

A

“bullseye” appearance

increase in surface area to volume ratio

too much membrane not enough cell inside

can be seen in thalassemias

25
Q

tear drop shaped cells

A

caused by altered bone marrow by fibrosis, granulomatous, inflammation OR can be an indication or extramedullary hematopoiesis

26
Q

Howell Jolly Bodies

A

remnants of erythrocytes that are normally removed in the spleen

only seen in patients who have had a splenectomy or asplenia

type of inclusion

seen in sickle cell anemia

27
Q

Heinz bodies

A

indicative of oxidative damage to the hemoglobin in RBCs

can be seen in thalassemia or G6PD deficiency

type of inclusion

often seen with bite cells

28
Q

basophilic strippling

A

basophilic granules are found throughout cytoplasm

indicates ribosomal fragments throughout cytoplasm and hematologic disease

29
Q

pappenheimer bodies

A

abnormal basophilic granules of iron found inside RBCs on routine blood stains

the patient has iron but cannot get the iron where it needs to go (to Hgb), which can cause sideroblastic anemia

30
Q

leukoerythroblastic smear

A

this indicates a left shift in granulocytes and nucleated RBCs

this is an abnormal finding and indicates major acute stress or bone marrow infiltration

31
Q

blast cells

A

precursors of mature circulating blood cells

can indicate leukemia if elevated

when many blast cells are seen it is indicative that the bone marrow is responding rapidly to an issue

32
Q

smudge cells

A

remnants of cells that lack identifiable cytoplasmic membranes of nuclear structures

33
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBCs

34
Q

what are ways to measure the reticulocyte count?

A

absolute reticulocyte count
reticulocyte percentage
corrected reticulocyte count
reticulocyte production index

35
Q

all reticulocyte counts should be elevated with ______ to be a normal response

A

anemia

36
Q

what is prothrombin time (PT)?

A

prothrombin time evaluates the time it takes for blood clotting to occur

37
Q

which coagulation pathway does prothrombin time assess?

A

extrinsic and common pathway

38
Q

what is partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

PTT evaluates time for clotting to occur

39
Q

what is activated partial thrombin time (aPTT)?

A

measures the time for clotting to occur but a substance is added to the blood to make it clot faster

40
Q

which coagulation pathways do PTT and aPTT assess?

A

intrinsic pathway of clotting

41
Q

what is thrombin time (TT)?

A

thrombin time is a screening coagulation test that assess fibrin formation from fibrinogen in plasma

42
Q

which coagulation pathway doe TT assess?

A

fibrin pathway

PAS 512 Clinical Medicine 1 (3 decks)

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