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Nursing > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Hematology

A

study of blood, blood diseases, and organs that form blood

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2
Q

2 major types of antigens

A

blood group antigens (ABO) and Rh antigen

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3
Q

four types of blood

A

type A, type B, type O, type AB

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4
Q

Type A

A

has the A antigen and antibodies in plasma against B antigen

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5
Q

type B

A

has the B antigen and antibodies in plasma against A antigen

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6
Q

type O

A

has neither the A antigen or B antigen and antibodies in plasma against A antigen and B antigen

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7
Q

Type AB

A

has the A antigen and the B antigen and no antibodies in plasma against A antigen and B antigen

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8
Q

Rh positive

A

Rh antigen is present on the red blood cells

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9
Q

Rh negative

A

Rh antigen is not present on the red blood cells

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10
Q

the blood type test can also

A

examine minor antigens that can cause an adverse blood transfusion reaction when attached to red blood cells

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11
Q

Partial Thromboplastin Time Test

A

assesses the blood’s ability to clot, and is commonly performed before any invasive procedure. Measure the effectiveness of the dose of heparin administered to patients to prevent the formation of blood clots. Also used to assess for hemophilia and lupus anticoagulant syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome caused when the antibodies attack blood clotting factors.

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12
Q

What happens when bleeding occurs

A

a cascade of 12 blood clotting factors is activated that causes the blood to coagulate to stop the bleeding.

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13
Q

other blood clotting factors test

A

prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)

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14
Q

Total serum protein test

A

performed to assess for liver and kidney function (albumin), malnutrition, and the cause of edema, ascites, and pulmonary edema. To assess the risk for infection, multiple myeloma, and macroglobinemia

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15
Q

Albumin

A

a protein produced by the liver that keeps blood from leaking from blood vessels. Albumin is also important for tissue growth and healing because it carries medicine to tissues

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16
Q

Globulin

A

A group of proteins made by the liver and the immune system that binds with hemoglobin and transports iron and metals in the blood to help fight infection. Globulin is composed of three different proteins; alpha, beta, and gamma.

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17
Q

Blood Alcohol Test

A

administered to screen for intoxication, ingested alcohol, and the underlying cause of altered mental status

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18
Q

Taximeter

A

measures alcohol level in their breath

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19
Q

Lead Test

A

administered to screen for lead poisoning and assess the treatment for lead poisoning

20
Q

The health care provider may order what test to determine the extent of lead poisoning ?

A

urine aminolevulinic acid (ALA)

21
Q

Lead mobilization urine test

A

performed during chelation therapy to assess if the therapy is removing lead in urine

22
Q

serum osmolality test

A

performed to screen for dehydration, overhydration, the underlying cause of seizure and coma, and the syndrome of inappropriate secrete of ADH. It is also used to assess the quantity of poison ingested by the patient

23
Q

what is serum osmalility

A

the number of particles of substances that are dissolved in the serum (substances are including glucose, chloride, sodium, proteins, and bicarbonate.

24
Q

serum osmolality is controlled by

A

adjusting the fluid output of the kidneys using the antidiuretic hormone produced by the pituitary gland

25
Q

what is ADH?

A

a vasopressin that reduces fluid output from the kidneys when ADH is released into the bloodstream, thereby increasing fluid in the blood.

26
Q

What happens when ADH production is decreased?

A

increases fluid output by the kidneys and decreases fluid in the blood.

27
Q

a decrease in fluid results in what?

A

an increase in serum osmolality (less fluid in the blood). which then signals the pituitary gland to release ADH, which stimulates the kidneys to retain fluid, thereby increasing fluid in the blood and decreasing serum osmolality- fluid level in the blood is restored.

28
Q

an increase in fluid results in what?

A

decrease in serum osmolality, or more fluid in the blood. This signals the pituitary gland to stop releasing ADH, , which causes the kidneys to increase the output of fluid, thereby decreasing fluid in the blood and increasing serum osmolality- fluid level in the blood.

29
Q

serum osmolality is used to measure what?

A

the amount of substances dissolved in blood

30
Q

Uric Acid Blood Test

A

performed to screen for uric acid kidney stones, gout, and adverse reaction of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Also used to assess treatment for hyperuricemia

31
Q

How is uric acid produced ?

A

when purine (which is in some foods) is metabolized. Uric acid enters the blood and is then excreted by the kidneys in urine and a small amount in stool.

32
Q

uric crystals can form from what?

A

in joints leading to gout even when uric acid levels are normal.

33
Q

A high level of uric acid does not mean what?

A

that someone has gout

34
Q

gout is diagnosed by what?

A

by testing fluid from the affected joint for uric acid crystals

35
Q

C-reactive protein test (CRP)

A

performed to screen for inflammation, assess for the effects of an intervention in the treatment of inflammation, screen for diseases that cause inflammations, and assess the patients response to cancer treatment.

36
Q

how is C-reactive protein produced?

A

as part of the inflammatory process and attached to the invading microorganism or damaged cells, enhancing phagocytosis in the destruction of the microorganism or damaged cell.

37
Q

high level of C-Reactive protein indicates what?

A

inflammation

38
Q

Other tests following the CRP test is for what?

A

to identify the source of the inflammation

39
Q

The high-sensitivity CRP test may be ordered because..

A

it will determine if inflammation has damaged the inner lining of arteries, increasing the risk of a heart attack

40
Q

what tests might be ordered along with the CRP test to help determine if the patient is at risk for cardiac problems.

A

total cholesterol test and high density lipoprotein (HDL)

41
Q

The Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A

performed to screen for anemia, infection, leukemia, the risk for bleeding, polycythemia, blood loss, asthma, allergies, and the underlying cause of bruising, and fatigue

42
Q

the doctor might order what test along with CBC

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (to determine inflammation and the reticulocyte to identify the number of immature leukocytes.

43
Q

Blood components that are measured in the CBC test

A

leukocyte count, leukocyte cell type, erythrocyte count, erythrocyte cell type, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and thrombocyte count

44
Q

what are the five major types of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils

45
Q

erythrocyte indices

A

mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width

Nursing (4 decks)

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