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Bio 153 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is hematology

A

The study of blood

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2
Q

What are the 4 major components of the circulatory system

A

1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Blood Vessels
4) Lymphatic System

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3
Q

What is the function of blood

A
  • Transports
  • Maintains
  • Protects
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4
Q

What does blood transport (4)

A

1) O2 from lungs to cells
2) Nutrients from digestive organs to all cells
3) Metabolic waste from all cells to lungs (CO2) or kidneys (Urea, ammonium)
4) hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

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5
Q

What does blood maintain (3)

A

1) Temperature (vasodilation of superficial blood vessels allows for heat loss)
2) pH (plasma proteins, bicarbonate ions act as buffers)
3) Fluid volume (ions, plasma proteins draw in water)

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6
Q

What does blood protect against (2)

A

1) Blood loss (Platelets, plasma proteins form clots)

2) infection (WBC, plasma proteins fight)

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7
Q

What is the function of the heart

A

pumps and maintains flow of blood through the vessels

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8
Q

What are the functions of the blood vessels

A

carry blood to all cells

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9
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system

A

Returns excess interstitial fluid to circulatory system

site of white blood cell maturation and activity

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10
Q

What are the components of blood (5)

A

1) Hematocrit
2) Erythrocytes
3) Leukocytes
4) Thrombocytes
5) Plasma

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11
Q

What is hematocrit

A

The percentage of red blood cells, usually find this by centrifuge

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12
Q

What are the 2 main categories of components of blood

A

plasma & formed elements

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13
Q

What would a high hematocrit indicate

A
  • MANY RBC so: *adaption to high altitude

* polycythemia due to cancer (Over production of red blood cells)

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14
Q

What would a low hematocrit indicate

A
  • fewer of smaller RBCS

- anemia

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15
Q

What happens to someone with sickle cell anemia

A

Whether is low O2, their hemoglobin molecules link. This causes the cells to be cresent shaped.
They snag together and cause dangerous clotting and tissue death

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16
Q

What to erythrocytes not have the cells usually have

A

no nucleus or organelles, cannot make proteins or other molecules to maintain itself

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17
Q

how long do erythrocytes last

A

120 days, you have to constantly make new ones

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18
Q

What percentage of centrifuged blood should be plasma

A

54-59%

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19
Q

What % centrifuged blood should be buffy coat

A

1%

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20
Q

What is buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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21
Q

What % of centrifuged blood should be erythrocytes

A

40-45%

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22
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of erythrocytes

A

1) filled with hemoglobin
2) small biconcave disks
3) have spectrin protein in plasma membrane so erythrocytes can squeeze through capillaries
4) Mature erythrocytes lack nuclei and organelles = more room for hemoglobin

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23
Q

How many hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell

A

280 million

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24
Q

What is hemoglobin made of

A

-4 globin protein subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta) that surround 4 heme groups that have iron in the middle

25
Q

What binds reversibly to the globin proteins

A

CO2

26
Q

What binds reversibly to the heme groups

A

O2 bind to the iron in the middle

27
Q

Why are erythrocytes concave

A

To increase the surface area to volume ratio
decrease distance to diffusion
form stacks to pass through capillaries

28
Q

What is the function of spectrin proteins in the plasma membrane

A

so RBCs can squeeze through capillaries

29
Q

why do RBC lack nuclei and organelles

A

more room for hemoglobin

30
Q

What is the proper word for WBC

A

leukocyte

31
Q

how to leukocytes move into damaged tissues

A

amoeboid motion

32
Q

when does the body make WBC

A

as needed, not like RBC which are constantly being made

33
Q

what is the saying for most abundant leukocytes to least

A 
NEVER
LET 
MONKEYS 
EAT
BANANAS
34
Q

never let monkeys eat bananas

A

1) Neutrophil
2) lymphocyte
3) monocyte
4) eosinophil
5) basophil

35
Q

Describe appearance of neutrophil

A
  • Muilti-lobed nucleus

- granules that contain digestive enzymes, antibacterial proteins

36
Q

describe function of a neutrophil

A

-Phagocytic (eats bacteria and fungi)

“Bacteria battler”

37
Q

describe the appearance of a lymphocyte

A
  • single large nucleus with small ring of cytoplasm

- mostly found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

38
Q

describe the function of a lymphocyte

A

1) T cells destroy ur own cells

2) Activated B cells = plasma cells produce antibodies which label and clump bacteria and foreign particles

39
Q

Describe the appearance of a monocyte

A
  • Largest

- single bean shaped nucleus

40
Q

Describe the function of a monocyte

A

turns into macrophages (phagocytic)

-Eats a lot

41
Q

describe the appearance of a eosinophil

A
  • bi lobed nucleus

- red staining granules contain cytotoxic proteins

42
Q

Describe the function of a eosinophil

A

release digestive enzymes to destroy parasites

43
Q

Describe the appearance of a basophil

A
  • indistinct nucleus

- large granules with histamine

44
Q

describe the function of a basophil

A

Release histamine to cause blood vessels to dilate so WBC can arrive quickly and get into tissues to cause inflammation

45
Q

What is the proper name for a platelet

A

Thrombocyte

46
Q

Are thrombocytes full cells?

A

no they’re fragments

47
Q

What is the platelets job

A

They form fast, a temporary plug in damaged blood vessels and the secrete factors required for formation of blood clot and repair

48
Q

What is plasma made of (in general)

A

90% water and 100s of different dissolved solutes

49
Q

What are the 5 main components of plasma

A

1) nutrients
2) gases
3) wastes
4) ions
5) plasma proteins

50
Q

what are the nutrients that are in plasma (4)

A

1) glucose
2) amino acids
3) fat products
4) vitamins

51
Q

What are the gases (2) that are in plasma

A

1) O2

2) CO2

52
Q

What are the wastes that are in plasma (4)

A

1) Lactic acid
2) uric acid
3) urea
4) creatinine

53
Q

What are the ions that are in plasma (8)

A

1) sodium
2) potasium
3) calcium
4) magnesium
5) chloride
6) phosphate
7) sulphate
8) bicarbonate

54
Q

What are the plasma proteins that are in plasma (5)

A

1) Albumin
2) alpha and beta globulins
3) gamma globulines
4) clotting proteins
5) hormones

55
Q

What is the function of albumin

A

Buffers blood

56
Q

what is the function of alpha and beta globulins

A

transport lipids, fat soluble vitamins and metal ions

57
Q

what is the function of gamma globulins

A

form antibodies

58
Q

what is the function of clotting proteins

A

stop bleeding

Bio 153 (2 decks)

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