Hematology

Question 1

What is hematology

Answer 1

The study of blood

Question 2

What are the 4 major components of the circulatory system

Answer 2

1) Blood
2) Heart
3) Blood Vessels
4) Lymphatic System

Question 3

What is the function of blood

Answer 3

• Transports
• Maintains
• Protects

Question 4

What does blood transport (4)

Answer 4

1) O2 from lungs to cells
2) Nutrients from digestive organs to all cells
3) Metabolic waste from all cells to lungs (CO2) or kidneys (Urea, ammonium)
4) hormones from endocrine glands to target organs

Question 5

What does blood maintain (3)

Answer 5

1) Temperature (vasodilation of superficial blood vessels allows for heat loss)
2) pH (plasma proteins, bicarbonate ions act as buffers)
3) Fluid volume (ions, plasma proteins draw in water)

Question 6

What does blood protect against (2)

Answer 6

1) Blood loss (Platelets, plasma proteins form clots)

2) infection (WBC, plasma proteins fight)

Question 7

What is the function of the heart

Answer 7

pumps and maintains flow of blood through the vessels

Question 8

What are the functions of the blood vessels

Answer 8

carry blood to all cells

Question 9

what is the function of the lymphatic system

Answer 9

Returns excess interstitial fluid to circulatory system

site of white blood cell maturation and activity

Question 10

What are the components of blood (5)

Answer 10

1) Hematocrit
2) Erythrocytes
3) Leukocytes
4) Thrombocytes
5) Plasma

Question 11

What is hematocrit

Answer 11

The percentage of red blood cells, usually find this by centrifuge

Question 12

What are the 2 main categories of components of blood

Answer 12

plasma & formed elements

Question 13

What would a high hematocrit indicate

Answer 13

• MANY RBC so: *adaption to high altitude

* polycythemia due to cancer (Over production of red blood cells)

Question 14

What would a low hematocrit indicate

Answer 14

• fewer of smaller RBCS

- anemia

Question 15

What happens to someone with sickle cell anemia

Answer 15

Whether is low O2, their hemoglobin molecules link. This causes the cells to be cresent shaped.
They snag together and cause dangerous clotting and tissue death

Question 16

What to erythrocytes not have the cells usually have

Answer 16

no nucleus or organelles, cannot make proteins or other molecules to maintain itself

Question 17

how long do erythrocytes last

Answer 17

120 days, you have to constantly make new ones

Question 18

What percentage of centrifuged blood should be plasma

Answer 18

54-59%

Question 19

What % centrifuged blood should be buffy coat

Answer 19

1%

Question 20

What is buffy coat

Answer 20

leukocytes and platelets

Question 21

What % of centrifuged blood should be erythrocytes

Answer 21

40-45%

Question 22

What are the 4 characteristics of erythrocytes

Answer 22

1) filled with hemoglobin
2) small biconcave disks
3) have spectrin protein in plasma membrane so erythrocytes can squeeze through capillaries
4) Mature erythrocytes lack nuclei and organelles = more room for hemoglobin

Question 23

How many hemoglobin molecules per red blood cell

Answer 23

280 million

Question 24

What is hemoglobin made of

Answer 24

-4 globin protein subunits (2 alpha and 2 beta) that surround 4 heme groups that have iron in the middle

Question 25

What binds reversibly to the globin proteins

Answer 25

CO2

Question 26

What binds reversibly to the heme groups

Answer 26

O2 bind to the iron in the middle

Question 27

Why are erythrocytes concave

Answer 27

To increase the surface area to volume ratio decrease distance to diffusion form stacks to pass through capillaries

Question 28

What is the function of spectrin proteins in the plasma membrane

Answer 28

so RBCs can squeeze through capillaries

Question 29

why do RBC lack nuclei and organelles

Answer 29

more room for hemoglobin

Question 30

What is the proper word for WBC

Answer 30

leukocyte

Question 31

how to leukocytes move into damaged tissues

Answer 31

amoeboid motion

Question 32

when does the body make WBC

Answer 32

as needed, not like RBC which are constantly being made

Question 33

what is the saying for most abundant leukocytes to least

Answer 33

``` NEVER LET MONKEYS EAT BANANAS ```

Question 34

never let monkeys eat bananas

Answer 34

1) Neutrophil 2) lymphocyte 3) monocyte 4) eosinophil 5) basophil

Question 35

Describe appearance of neutrophil

Answer 35

- Muilti-lobed nucleus | - granules that contain digestive enzymes, antibacterial proteins

Question 36

describe function of a neutrophil

Answer 36

-Phagocytic (eats bacteria and fungi) | "Bacteria battler"

Question 37

describe the appearance of a lymphocyte

Answer 37

- single large nucleus with small ring of cytoplasm | - mostly found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

Question 38

describe the function of a lymphocyte

Answer 38

1) T cells destroy ur own cells | 2) Activated B cells = plasma cells produce antibodies which label and clump bacteria and foreign particles

Question 39

Describe the appearance of a monocyte

Answer 39

- Largest | - single bean shaped nucleus

Question 40

Describe the function of a monocyte

Answer 40

turns into macrophages (phagocytic) | -Eats a lot

Question 41

describe the appearance of a eosinophil

Answer 41

- bi lobed nucleus | - red staining granules contain cytotoxic proteins

Question 42

Describe the function of a eosinophil

Answer 42

release digestive enzymes to destroy parasites

Question 43

Describe the appearance of a basophil

Answer 43

- indistinct nucleus | - large granules with histamine

Question 44

describe the function of a basophil

Answer 44

Release histamine to cause blood vessels to dilate so WBC can arrive quickly and get into tissues to cause inflammation

Question 45

What is the proper name for a platelet

Answer 45

Thrombocyte

Question 46

Are thrombocytes full cells?

Answer 46

no they're fragments

Question 47

What is the platelets job

Answer 47

They form fast, a temporary plug in damaged blood vessels and the secrete factors required for formation of blood clot and repair

Question 48

What is plasma made of (in general)

Answer 48

90% water and 100s of different dissolved solutes

Question 49

What are the 5 main components of plasma

Answer 49

1) nutrients 2) gases 3) wastes 4) ions 5) plasma proteins

Question 50

what are the nutrients that are in plasma (4)

Answer 50

1) glucose 2) amino acids 3) fat products 4) vitamins

Question 51

What are the gases (2) that are in plasma

Answer 51

1) O2 | 2) CO2

Question 52

What are the wastes that are in plasma (4)

Answer 52

1) Lactic acid 2) uric acid 3) urea 4) creatinine

Question 53

What are the ions that are in plasma (8)

Answer 53

1) sodium 2) potasium 3) calcium 4) magnesium 5) chloride 6) phosphate 7) sulphate 8) bicarbonate

Question 54

What are the plasma proteins that are in plasma (5)

Answer 54

1) Albumin 2) alpha and beta globulins 3) gamma globulines 4) clotting proteins 5) hormones

Question 55

What is the function of albumin

Answer 55

Buffers blood

Question 56

what is the function of alpha and beta globulins

Answer 56

transport lipids, fat soluble vitamins and metal ions

Question 57

what is the function of gamma globulins

Answer 57

form antibodies

Question 58

what is the function of clotting proteins

Answer 58

stop bleeding