Hematology Flashcards
Indications with Erythrocytes
- Anemia
- Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis is a condition in which your body makes too many red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes
Indications with Leukocytes
- Inflammatory Conditions
- Neoplastic Conditions
- Chemotherapy
Indications with platelets
- Bleeding disorders
- DIC -Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (secondary effect)
Indications with Plasma
- COLOR
PCV test
- Packed Cell Volume
- plasma should be straw/clear
- pink if hemolysed
- PCV is the percentage of red blood cells in circulating blood
- A decreased PCV- generally means red blood cell loss from any variety of reasons like cell destruction, blood loss, and failure of bone marrow production - ANEMIA
- An increased PCV- generally means dehydration or an abnormal increase in red blood cell production
What is the Normal PCV range in a dog?
- 37-55%
- (Greyhounds 48-66%)
What is the normal PCV range in a cat?
26-45%
What is the normal PCV range in the horse?
30-38%
What does low PCV indicate?
- anemia
- haemodilution -cell destruction, BM problems, blood loss
What would Red Plasma Indicate?
Haemolysis (ruptured RBC’s)
What would yellow plasma on PCV indicate?
Jaundice/icterus
CBC
Complete Blood Count
- RBC concentration (cells/L of fluid)
- HGB (total Hb)
- HCT and spun PCV (proportion of blood taken up by cells)
- MCV (mean cell volume)- how big is the average RBC
- MHC (mean cell Hb) - how much Hb content in blood
- MCHC- (mean cell Hb Concentration)- Relative amount, bigger RBC will need a larger amount of Hb to have same concentration as a smaller RBC
- RDW (red cell distribution width)
Classification of Anemia
MCV
- Mean Cell Volume
- The average volume of a single red cell
- No the diameter, THE VOLUME
- Normocytic, Macrocytic, Microcytic
Normocytic Anemia
Microcytic Anemia
Macrocytic Anemia
Normochromic
- Normochromic is a form of anemia in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range.
- However, there are insufficient numbers of red blood cells.
- This includes: aplastic, posthemorrhagic, and hemolytic anemias and anemia of chronic disease
Classification of Anaemia
Hypochromic
- Hypochromic anaemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal.
- (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means color.)
- A normal red blood cell will have an area of pallor in the center of it; it is biconcave disk shaped
Non- Regnerative
Reticulocytes
- How you tell Regenerative from Non- Regenerative
- Same cells as POLYCHROMATOPHILS (just a different stain)
- THe acid in them makes them stain blue/purple
- New Methylene Blue is a very particular stain for Reticulocytes
- Count Reticulocytes and get a percentage (machine produced)
Polychromatophils
- good indicators of regeneration
- these cells fully mature in about 24 hours
- there will be a gradient depending on when they have been released (more purple vs. more pink)
Reticulocytes in Cats
Calculating Regenerative vs. Non Regenerative Anemia
- Almost always deal with anemia in cats and dogs
Howell- Jolly Bodies
- cytopathological finding of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes.
- During maturation in the bone marrow, late erythroblasts normally expel their nuclei; but, in some cases, a small portion of DNA remains
- Lack of Regeneration
- Space b/w RBC’s (missing RBC’s), not much regeneration showing
- Uniform, Generally showing no polychromasia
RBC Morphology
Acanthocytes
- refer generally to the presence of this type of crenated red blood cell, such as may be found in severe cirrhosis or pancreatitis, but can refer specifically to abetalipoproteinemia, a clinical condition withacanthocytic red blood cells, neurologic problems and steatorrhea.
Components of a CBC
Leukocytes on Smear
