Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
Indications with Erythrocytes
A
- Anemia
- Erythrocytosis
2
Q
Erythrocytosis
A
Erythrocytosis is a condition in which your body makes too many red blood cells (RBCs), or erythrocytes
3
Q
Indications with Leukocytes
A
- Inflammatory Conditions
- Neoplastic Conditions
- Chemotherapy
4
Q
Indications with platelets
A
- Bleeding disorders
- DIC -Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (secondary effect)
5
Q
Indications with Plasma
A
- COLOR
6
Q
PCV test
A
- Packed Cell Volume
- plasma should be straw/clear
- pink if hemolysed
- PCV is the percentage of red blood cells in circulating blood
- A decreased PCV- generally means red blood cell loss from any variety of reasons like cell destruction, blood loss, and failure of bone marrow production - ANEMIA
- An increased PCV- generally means dehydration or an abnormal increase in red blood cell production
7
Q
What is the Normal PCV range in a dog?
A
- 37-55%
- (Greyhounds 48-66%)
8
Q
What is the normal PCV range in a cat?
A
26-45%
9
Q
What is the normal PCV range in the horse?
A
30-38%
10
Q
What does low PCV indicate?
A
- anemia
- haemodilution -cell destruction, BM problems, blood loss
11
Q
What would Red Plasma Indicate?
A
Haemolysis (ruptured RBC’s)
12
Q
What would yellow plasma on PCV indicate?
A
Jaundice/icterus
13
Q
CBC
A
Complete Blood Count
- RBC concentration (cells/L of fluid)
- HGB (total Hb)
- HCT and spun PCV (proportion of blood taken up by cells)
- MCV (mean cell volume)- how big is the average RBC
- MHC (mean cell Hb) - how much Hb content in blood
- MCHC- (mean cell Hb Concentration)- Relative amount, bigger RBC will need a larger amount of Hb to have same concentration as a smaller RBC
- RDW (red cell distribution width)
14
Q
Classification of Anemia
A
15
Q
MCV
A
- Mean Cell Volume
- The average volume of a single red cell
- No the diameter, THE VOLUME
- Normocytic, Macrocytic, Microcytic
16
Q
Normocytic Anemia
A
17
Q
Microcytic Anemia
A
18
Q
Macrocytic Anemia
A
19
Q
Normochromic
A
- Normochromic is a form of anemia in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the red blood cells is within the standard range.
- However, there are insufficient numbers of red blood cells.
- This includes: aplastic, posthemorrhagic, and hemolytic anemias and anemia of chronic disease
20
Q
Classification of Anaemia
A
21
Q
Hypochromic
A
- Hypochromic anaemia is a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal.
- (Hypo- refers to less, and chromic means color.)
- A normal red blood cell will have an area of pallor in the center of it; it is biconcave disk shaped
22
Q
Regenerative Anemia
A
- If the bone marrow is responding to an anemia, then the anemia is classified as regenerative
- Only 2 reasons for Regenerative:
- Hemolysis
- Hemorrhage
- Only two things that you need to look for when you have identified that it is regenerative
23
Q
Non- Regnerative
A
24
Q
Reticulocytes
A
- How you tell Regenerative from Non- Regenerative
- Same cells as POLYCHROMATOPHILS (just a different stain)
- THe acid in them makes them stain blue/purple
- New Methylene Blue is a very particular stain for Reticulocytes
- Count Reticulocytes and get a percentage (machine produced)
25
Q
Polychromatophils
A
- good indicators of regeneration
- these cells fully mature in about 24 hours
- there will be a gradient depending on when they have been released (more purple vs. more pink)
26
Q
Reticulocytes in Cats
A
27
Q
Calculating Regenerative vs. Non Regenerative Anemia
A
- Almost always deal with anemia in cats and dogs
28
Q
Howell- Jolly Bodies
A
- cytopathological finding of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes.
- During maturation in the bone marrow, late erythroblasts normally expel their nuclei; but, in some cases, a small portion of DNA remains
29
Q
Signs of Regeneration that we look for in a Smear
A
- Polychromasia - purple looking cells with various colors ( means “many color”)
- Anisocytosis - regenerative sizes, variation in cell sizes. regenerative will have range of sizes
- Macrocytosis - large RBC’s
- nRBCs -nuclear red blood cells
- Howell- Jolly Bodies (remnants of small nucleus)
- codocytosis - appearance of a shooting target with a bullseye. Young cells have excess membranes so when you slap them on there they look like sombreros from the top
- basophilic stippling - blue dots in normal stained RBC’s
Looking to see_: is it more regerative or less regenerative than yesterday?_
30
Q
A
- Lack of Regeneration
- Space b/w RBC’s (missing RBC’s), not much regeneration showing
- Uniform, Generally showing no polychromasia
31
Q
RBC Morphology
A
32
Q
Acanthocytes
A
- refer generally to the presence of this type of crenated red blood cell, such as may be found in severe cirrhosis or pancreatitis, but can refer specifically to abetalipoproteinemia, a clinical condition withacanthocytic red blood cells, neurologic problems and steatorrhea.
33
Q
Components of a CBC
A
34
Q
Leukocytes on Smear
A
35
Q
Sampling Blood for Neutrophils
A
- neutrophils need to adhere to vessel wall and squeeze into tissue–> use blood to traffic to the site where cytokines are being produced –> KINETICS of NEUTROPHILS
- when you take a sample–> only sampling circulating neutrophils. High BP will sweep up neutrophils from sides and increase the circulating amount
