Hematology Flashcards
Hemoglobin A
Most abundant form in adults
HbA1C
Use to determine levels of glucose by non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin
Methemoglobin
Oxidation of the heme component of hemoglobin to iron which cannot bind oxygen
Carboxyhemoglobin
Form of hemoglobin where CO binds tightly but reversibly
Fetal Hemoglobin
Tetramer consisting of two alphas and gamma chains
Hemoglobin Bart’s
Gamma-tetramers in the newborns
Cirrhosis, Diabetes, Hypogonadism
Clinical syndrome of hemochromatosis
Heme-cointaining
Hemoglobin - (+)
Contains fibrous components
Hemoglobin - (-)
Level of structure exhibited
Hemoglobin - quaternary
Tissues in the body where it is mostly found
Hemoglobin - blood
Number of maximum bound oxygen molecules
Hemoglobin - 4
Oxygen binding affected by pH and CO2
Hemoglobin - yes
Function in relationship with oxygen
Hemoglobin - O2 transporter
Has taut and relaxed forms
Hemoglobin - yes
Curve exhibited in terms of O2 dissociation
Hemoglobin - sigmoidal
Megaloblastic Anemia
Impairment of DNA synthesis that leads to distinctive morphologic changes
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Most common nutritional disorder in the world
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Most common cause of anemia among hospitalized patients
Aplastic Anemia
Syndrome of chronic primary hemtopoietic failure and attendant pancytopenia
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Platelet - normal
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
Platelet - decreased
TTP
Platelet - decreased
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
Platelet - decreased
Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia
Platelet - normal
Von Villebrand Disease
Platelet - normal
Hemophilia
Platelet - normal
Vitamin K Deficiency
Platelet - normal
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Platelet - decreased
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Intrinsic, extravascular
G6PD Deficiency
Intrinsic, intravascular
Sickle Cell Anemia
Intrinsic, extravascular
Thalassemia
Intrinsic, extravascular
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Intrinsic, intravascular
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Extrinsic, intravascular
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Extrinsic, intravascular
Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Extrinsic, intravascular
Pallor, jaundice and splenomegaly
Triad of hemolytic anemia
Presence of splenomegaly in extravascular hemolysis
Differentiates intravascular from extravascular hemolysis
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Autosomal dominant disorder caused by intrinsic defects in the red cell membrane; increased MCHC
G6PD Deficiency
X-linked recessive disorder that reduces protection of RBCs from oxidative injuries, leading to hemolysis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Intravascular hemolysis due to increased complement medicated RBC lysis
Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Hemolytic anemia seen in DIC, TTP-HUS, SLE, and malignant hypertension
Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia
Caused by trauma to RBCs in individuals with cardiac valve prostheses
Hereditary spherocytosis
Description - small hyperchromic RBC lacking central pallor
Asplenia
Description - small dark nuclear remnants in RBCs of asplenic patients
G6PD deficiency
Description - membrane-bound precipitates on denatured globin chains
G6PD deficiency
Description - RBCs with damaged membranes due to removal of Heinz bodies by splenic macrophages
Sickle cell anemia
Description - RBCs shaped like curbed blades
Sickle cell anemia; Thalassemia
Description - dehydrated RBCs with bull’s eye appearance
RBC trauma, certain drugs, HUS
Description - fragmented RBCs; also called helmet cells if cut in half
RBC trauma
Description - RBCs with spikes
Bence-Jone Proteins
Excess light or heavy chains along with complete Ig synthesized by neoplastic plasma cells
Thymoma
Tumor of the thymus associated with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia
Multiple myeloma
Most important monoclonal gammopathy usually presenting as tumorous masses scattered throughout the skeletal system
Nodular Sclerosis
(HL) Most common type; lacunar variant RS cells
Lymphocyte-rich
(HL) Lymphocytes make up the vast majority of cellular infiltrate; mononuclear variant RS cells; best prognosis
Lymphocyte predominant
(HL) Relatively good prognosis; contains popcorn cells
Lymphocyte-depleted
(HL) Worst prognosis
Diffuse large B-cell
(NHL) Most common type
Burkitt’s lymphoma
(NHL) Translocation on chromosome 8; presents with starry-sky pattern
Mantle cell lymphoma
(NHL) Biopsy reveals homogenous population of small lymphocytes, does not have centroblasts and proliferation centers
HL
Reed-Sternberg Cells
NHL
Associated with HIV and immunosuppression
NHL
Multiple peripheral nodes; extranodal involvement common, non-contiguous spread
HL
Low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss
HL
EBV association; bimodal distribution
Severe infection
Description - abnormal azurophilic (primary) granules
Severe infection
Description - patches of dilated endoplasmic reticulum that appear as sky blue cytoplasmic puddles
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Description - distinctive needle-like azurophilic granules found in myeloblasts
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Description - scattered macrophages with abundant wrinkled green blue cytoplasm
Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia
Description - small lymphocytes disrupted in the process of making smears
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Description - large cells with multiple nuclei or a single nucleus with multiple lobes
Adult T-cell lymphoma
Description - cells found in adult T-cell lymphoma which appear to have multi-lobulated nuclei
Multiple myeloma
Description - destructive plasma cell tumors involving axial skeleton
Multiple myeloma
Description - fiery red cytoplasm
Multiple myeloma
Description - pink globular cytoplasmic inclusion
Multiple myeloma
Description - blue globular nuclear inclusions
Multiple myeloma
Description - M proteins causing RBCs to stick in linear arrays
Sideroblastic anemia
Description - erythroblasts with iron-laden mitochondria visible as perinuclear granules
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Description - neutrophils with only two nuclear lobes
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Description - megakaryocytes with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei
Primary myelofibrosis
Description - premature release of nucleated erythroid and early granulocyte progenitors
Primary myelofibrosis
Description - cells that were probably damaged during the birthing process in the fibrotic marrow
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Description - pentalaminar tubules, often with a dilated terminal end (tennis racket-like appearance)
Congestion of the spleen
Description - small yellow-brown, brown or rust-colored foci in the spleen