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Internal Medicine Mnemonics > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Hemoglobin A

A

Most abundant form in adults

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2
Q

HbA1C

A

Use to determine levels of glucose by non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin

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3
Q

Methemoglobin

A

Oxidation of the heme component of hemoglobin to iron which cannot bind oxygen

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4
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

Form of hemoglobin where CO binds tightly but reversibly

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5
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin

A

Tetramer consisting of two alphas and gamma chains

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6
Q

Hemoglobin Bart’s

A

Gamma-tetramers in the newborns

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7
Q

Cirrhosis, Diabetes, Hypogonadism

A

Clinical syndrome of hemochromatosis

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8
Q

Heme-cointaining

A

Hemoglobin - (+)

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9
Q

Contains fibrous components

A

Hemoglobin - (-)

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10
Q

Level of structure exhibited

A

Hemoglobin - quaternary

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11
Q

Tissues in the body where it is mostly found

A

Hemoglobin - blood

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12
Q

Number of maximum bound oxygen molecules

A

Hemoglobin - 4

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13
Q

Oxygen binding affected by pH and CO2

A

Hemoglobin - yes

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14
Q

Function in relationship with oxygen

A

Hemoglobin - O2 transporter

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15
Q

Has taut and relaxed forms

A

Hemoglobin - yes

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16
Q

Curve exhibited in terms of O2 dissociation

A

Hemoglobin - sigmoidal

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17
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Impairment of DNA synthesis that leads to distinctive morphologic changes

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18
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Most common nutritional disorder in the world

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19
Q

Anemia of Chronic Disease

A

Most common cause of anemia among hospitalized patients

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20
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Syndrome of chronic primary hemtopoietic failure and attendant pancytopenia

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21
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

A

Platelet - normal

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22
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)

A

Platelet - decreased

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23
Q

TTP

A

Platelet - decreased

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24
Q

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

A

Platelet - decreased

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25
Q

Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia

A

Platelet - normal

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26
Q

Von Villebrand Disease

A

Platelet - normal

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27
Q

Hemophilia

A

Platelet - normal

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28
Q

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Platelet - normal

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29
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Platelet - decreased

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30
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Intrinsic, extravascular

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31
Q

G6PD Deficiency

A

Intrinsic, intravascular

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32
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Intrinsic, extravascular

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33
Q

Thalassemia

A

Intrinsic, extravascular

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34
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

A

Intrinsic, intravascular

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35
Q

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

A

Extrinsic, intravascular

36
Q

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

A

Extrinsic, intravascular

37
Q

Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

A

Extrinsic, intravascular

38
Q

Pallor, jaundice and splenomegaly

A

Triad of hemolytic anemia

39
Q

Presence of splenomegaly in extravascular hemolysis

A

Differentiates intravascular from extravascular hemolysis

40
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

Autosomal dominant disorder caused by intrinsic defects in the red cell membrane; increased MCHC

41
Q

G6PD Deficiency

A

X-linked recessive disorder that reduces protection of RBCs from oxidative injuries, leading to hemolysis

42
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

A

Intravascular hemolysis due to increased complement medicated RBC lysis

43
Q

Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

A

Hemolytic anemia seen in DIC, TTP-HUS, SLE, and malignant hypertension

44
Q

Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

A

Caused by trauma to RBCs in individuals with cardiac valve prostheses

45
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Description - small hyperchromic RBC lacking central pallor

46
Q

Asplenia

A

Description - small dark nuclear remnants in RBCs of asplenic patients

47
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Description - membrane-bound precipitates on denatured globin chains

48
Q

G6PD deficiency

A

Description - RBCs with damaged membranes due to removal of Heinz bodies by splenic macrophages

49
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Description - RBCs shaped like curbed blades

50
Q

Sickle cell anemia; Thalassemia

A

Description - dehydrated RBCs with bull’s eye appearance

51
Q

RBC trauma, certain drugs, HUS

A

Description - fragmented RBCs; also called helmet cells if cut in half

52
Q

RBC trauma

A

Description - RBCs with spikes

53
Q

Bence-Jone Proteins

A

Excess light or heavy chains along with complete Ig synthesized by neoplastic plasma cells

54
Q

Thymoma

A

Tumor of the thymus associated with myasthenia gravis and pure red cell aplasia

55
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Most important monoclonal gammopathy usually presenting as tumorous masses scattered throughout the skeletal system

56
Q

Nodular Sclerosis

A

(HL) Most common type; lacunar variant RS cells

57
Q

Lymphocyte-rich

A

(HL) Lymphocytes make up the vast majority of cellular infiltrate; mononuclear variant RS cells; best prognosis

58
Q

Lymphocyte predominant

A

(HL) Relatively good prognosis; contains popcorn cells

59
Q

Lymphocyte-depleted

A

(HL) Worst prognosis

60
Q

Diffuse large B-cell

A

(NHL) Most common type

61
Q

Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

(NHL) Translocation on chromosome 8; presents with starry-sky pattern

62
Q

Mantle cell lymphoma

A

(NHL) Biopsy reveals homogenous population of small lymphocytes, does not have centroblasts and proliferation centers

63
Q

HL

A

Reed-Sternberg Cells

64
Q

NHL

A

Associated with HIV and immunosuppression

65
Q

NHL

A

Multiple peripheral nodes; extranodal involvement common, non-contiguous spread

66
Q

HL

A

Low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss

67
Q

HL

A

EBV association; bimodal distribution

68
Q

Severe infection

A

Description - abnormal azurophilic (primary) granules

69
Q

Severe infection

A

Description - patches of dilated endoplasmic reticulum that appear as sky blue cytoplasmic puddles

70
Q

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

A

Description - distinctive needle-like azurophilic granules found in myeloblasts

71
Q

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

A

Description - scattered macrophages with abundant wrinkled green blue cytoplasm

72
Q

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

A

Description - small lymphocytes disrupted in the process of making smears

73
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Description - large cells with multiple nuclei or a single nucleus with multiple lobes

74
Q

Adult T-cell lymphoma

A

Description - cells found in adult T-cell lymphoma which appear to have multi-lobulated nuclei

75
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Description - destructive plasma cell tumors involving axial skeleton

76
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Description - fiery red cytoplasm

77
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Description - pink globular cytoplasmic inclusion

78
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Description - blue globular nuclear inclusions

79
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Description - M proteins causing RBCs to stick in linear arrays

80
Q

Sideroblastic anemia

A

Description - erythroblasts with iron-laden mitochondria visible as perinuclear granules

81
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A

Description - neutrophils with only two nuclear lobes

82
Q

Myelodysplastic syndrome

A

Description - megakaryocytes with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei

83
Q

Primary myelofibrosis

A

Description - premature release of nucleated erythroid and early granulocyte progenitors

84
Q

Primary myelofibrosis

A

Description - cells that were probably damaged during the birthing process in the fibrotic marrow

85
Q

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

A

Description - pentalaminar tubules, often with a dilated terminal end (tennis racket-like appearance)

86
Q

Congestion of the spleen

A

Description - small yellow-brown, brown or rust-colored foci in the spleen

Internal Medicine Mnemonics (8 decks)

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