Hematology Flashcards
Where are pluripotent hematopoietic stems cells produced?
Red bone marrow. Also in liver, spleen, and thymus in prenatal animals.
What is the name of the progenitor cell that gives rise to all blood cells EXCEPT lymphocytes?
Common myeloid progenitor
What is the name of the progenitor cell that gives rise to lymphocytes?
Common lymphoid progenitor
Which progenitor cell gives rise to erythrocytes and thrombocytes?
Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor
Which progenitor cell gives rise to monocytes and granulocytes?
Granulocyte/Monocyte progenitor
What are immature erythrocytes called?
Reticulocytes
What is a distinguishing feature of reticulocytes?
They still contain some ribosomal material.
What cells give rise to thrombocytes?
Megakaryocytes
Where is erythropoietin produced?
kidneys
In what stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin formation begin?
rubricyte
In what stage of erythropoiesis does hemoglobin formation end?
metarubricyte
What is the cell evolution of erythrocytes?
rubriblast - prorubricyte - rubricyte - metarubricyte - reticulocyte - erythrocyte
Where is thrombopoietin produced?
liver endothelial cells. also kidney
What is the cell evolution of thrombocytes?
megakaryoblasts - promegakaryocytes - megakaryocytes - proplatelets - platelets
What is the cell evolution of granulocytes?
myeloblasts - promyelocytes - myelocytes - metamyelocytes - band cells - mature granulocytes
What is the cell evolution of monocytes?
Monoblast - promonocyte - monocyte
What is the cell evolution of lymphocytes?
lymphoblast - prolymphocyte - lymphocyte
Where do T-lymphocytes mature?
thymus
Where do B-lymphocytes mature?
bone marrow
Where do NK cells mature?
bone marrow
What are the disadvantages of heparin as an anticoagulant?
Clumps white blood cells and interferes with their staining.
Why is heparin not a suitable anticoagulant for blood smears?
It interferes with WBCs staining.
Why is heparin not a suitable anticoagulant for CBCs?
It can cause WBC clumping.
What is a disadvantage of citrate anticoagulants?
Can interfere with blood chemistry.
What is a disadvantage of fluoride anticoagulants?
Can interfere with enzymatic testing.
What is an advantage/primary use of fluoride anticoagulants?
glucose preservation
What is the term for an increase in circulating RBCs?
polycythemia
What are common causes of relative polycythemia?
splenic contraction; dehydration
What are common causes of primary polycythemia?
proliferation of erythroid precursor cells
What does packed cell volume measure?
The % of RBCs in whole blood.
How can you estimate the total RBC count from the PCV measurement?
PCV / 6 = total RBCs
What is mean corpuscular volume?
Average RBC size in femtoliters (fL)
How is MCV calculated?
Divide PCV by RBC concentration (in millions/mL) and multiply by 10.
What is mean corpuscular hemoglobin?
Mean hemoglobin weight in the average RBC in picograms (pg).
How is MCH calculated?
Divide Hb concentration by RBC concentration and multiply by 10.
What is mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?
Concentration (weight ratio) of Hb in the average RBC in g/dL.
How is MCHC calculated?
Divide Hb concentration by PCV and multiply by 100.
How many WBCs should be evaluated in a differential blood count?
100
How many oil-immersion fields should be looked at when counting platelets?
10
What is the average number of platelets per field?
7-10
How can you estimate the total number of platelets from the average number per field?
Multiply by 20,000
What does the neutrophil nucleus look like?
3-5 lobes, densely clumped chromatin
What does the neutrophil cytoplasm look like?
Pale with fine pinkish granules.
What does the eosinophil nucleus look like?
Similar to the neutrophil but with looser chromatin.
What does the eosinophil cytoplasm look like?
Prominently stained granules, size and shape vary by species.
What does the monocyte nucleus look like?
Variable - kidney shaped, elongated, lobulated, amoeboid with diffuse chromatin
What does the monocyte cytoplasm look like?
Fine pink granules, may contain vacuoles
What does the basophil nucleus look like?
Similar to monocytes.
What does the basophil cytoplasm look like?
Granules stain light to dark purple to black.
What does the lymphocyte nucleus look like?
Slightly indented with coarsely clumped chromatin.
What does the lymphocyte cytoplasm look like?
Scanty. Pink-purple granules if present.
Which WBC is indicative of chronic infection?
Monocyte
Which WBC is indicative of allergic reaction or parasite infection?
Eosinophil
Which WBC is primarily concerned with antibody production?
Lymphocyte
Which WBCs are concerned with immune system modulation?
Eosinophils, Basophils
Which WBCs are primarily concerned with phagocytosis?
Neutrophils, Monocytes
