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402-Exam 1 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguish clinical pathology vs. anatomical pathology

A
  • Clinical: hematology, clinical chem, UA, cytology, blood smear, non-tissue
  • Anatomical: necropsy, evaluate tissue, gross pathology and histopathology
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2
Q

How many components do blood have? Name them.

A

Two. Aqueous is plasma. Cellular fraction consists of RBC, leukocytes, and platelets.

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3
Q

What does buffy coat consist of?

A

Platelets and leukocytes

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4
Q

What disease indicates extreme abundant in buffy coat when looking at crit tube?

A

Severe infection or leukemia.

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5
Q

Difference between plasma vs. serum

A
  • Serum is plasma that has not clotted. Lack fibrinogen.
  • Plasma is treated with anticoagulant.
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6
Q

When compare TP between serum and plasma, which one has higher protein content?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A
  • Proteins (ALB, GLOB)
  • Electrolytes (Cations, anions)
  • Nutrients (Glucose, FA, triglycerides, AA)
  • Metabolic ‘by-product’ (urea, CREA, BIL)
  • Signaling molecules (hormones, cytokines, GF)
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8
Q

List most abundant to least abundant in blood components

A

Erythrocytes (10^6/uL) > Platelets (10^5u/L in mammals, less in non-mammals) > Leukocytes (10^3u/L)

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9
Q

What does leukocytes primary function?

A

Protection from exogenous (infectious organisms) and endogenous (cancer) harmful agents.

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10
Q

Recognize RBCs in different species: dog, cat, camelid, deer, goat/sheep, turtle, hawk

A
  • Dog: paler central
  • Cat: less pale center, looks more uniform, RBC smaller.
  • Alpaca (all camelid): oval shape
  • Deer: sickle cell morphology
  • Goat/sheep: tiny size
  • Turtle: oval nucleated RBC.
  • Hawk: more elongated nucleated RBC
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11
Q

What leukocytes are in PMNs group? And what leukocytes are in mononuclear group?

A
  • PMN (polymorphic nuclears) = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
  • Mononuclear = lymphocytes, monocytes.
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12
Q

What leukocytes have granules?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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13
Q

What animals have the most abundant basophils?

A

Rabbits

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14
Q

What is skipocyte? Do we interpret them?

A

Skipocyte is ruptured leukocyte. And no, we SKIPPED it, it’s an artifact.

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15
Q

What’s the difference between heterophil and neutrophil?

A

Same function, granules from heterophil stained more vividly.

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16
Q

Difference between thrombocytes and platelets

A

Platelets are non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments, whereas thrombocyte are nucleated.

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17
Q

What are 2 components of coagulation?

A
  • Calcium ions (cofactors od coag enzymes)
  • Thrombin (a key protease)
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18
Q

Light-blue tube usage?

A

Additive is sodium citrate, prevents blood from clotting by binding calcium, use for coag test.

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19
Q

Lavender/pink tube usage?

A

Additive is potassium EDTA, prevents clotting by binding calcium, use in hematology and blood bank.

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20
Q

Gray tube usage?

A

Additive: Sodium fluoride, sodium/potassium oxalate. Fluoride inhibits glycolysis, oxalate prevents clotting by precipitating calcium. Use in glucose, blood alcohol, and lactic acid test.

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21
Q

Green-top tube usage?

A

Additive includes sodium or lithium heparin. Prevents clotting by inhibiting thrombin and thromboplastin. Use in STAT or routine chemistry.

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22
Q

Red/gold/tiger top usage?

A

Additive is +/- clot activator or get. Clot activator promotes blood clotting, gel separates serum from cells. Use in chemistry, serology, immunology.

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23
Q

What does EDTA do? and Why does it NOT use in chemistry?

A

Inhibits coagulation by chelating calcium cations, also chelates other cations such as K+ and Na+ and Mg2+.

24
Q

What does Heparin do?

A

Heparin inhibits coagulation by activating antithrombin, which inhibits the action of thrombin. Can be used in both hematology and blood chemistry.

25
Q

What does the CBC compose of?

A
  • Erythrogram
  • Leukogram
  • Thrombogram
  • Miscellaneous (plasma protein, and color of plasma)
26
Q

How does impedance principle work to count blood cells?

A

Change in electric impedance generated by cells passing through the aperture. Can differentiate leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.

27
Q

How does flow cytometry work?

A

Stream the cell in single cell column, then illuminate them with light to determine the reflection from the cell based on their shadow. Provide differential count.

28
Q

What are the different Romanowsky stain? and which are used the most in pathology lab?

A

Use most: Wright’s and Giemsa, occ. Leishman’s.
Diff-quick is usually in house.

29
Q

Distinguish hematopoiesis vs. myelopoiesis vs. lymphopoiesis.

A
  • Hematopoiesis: production of all blood elements (RBCS, platelets, leukocytes).
  • Myelopoiesis: production of non-lymphoid bone marrow or bone marrow derived cells (everything above except lymphocytes)
  • Lymphopoiesis: lymphocyte production.
30
Q

Life span of neutrophils, platelets, RBCs, lymphocytes?

A
  • Neutrophils = 10 hours
  • Platelets = 10 days
  • RBC = 100 days
  • Lymphocytes = may live for many years
31
Q

What is CFU?

A

Colony Forming Units: hematopoietic progenitor cells are defined by their capacity to form colonies and differentiate in vitro.

E.g.: CFU-Granulocyte

32
Q

What’s CD34 benefits/functions?

A

CD34 is a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell surface marker in which cells carry this CD34 can be used in therapeutic hematopoietic reconstitution.

33
Q

Where do hematopoiesis happen in different species? Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish?

A
  • Mammals and birds: bone marrow
  • Reptiles: bone marrow and spleen
  • Amphibians: spleen, kidney, liver
  • Fish: kidney (primary!), spleen, liver
34
Q

Compare growing animals with adult animals in terms of blood cell population.

A

Growing animals EXPAND blood cell population. Adult MAINTAIN blood cell population.

35
Q

Compare bone marrow of young animals to bone marrow of old animals

A
  • In young, marrow of all bones are red due to Hgb.
  • In old, the mid-shaft marrow of long bones is yellow due to fat replacement of hematopoietic cells.
36
Q

Difference between mammalian hematopoiesis vs. non-mammalian hematopoiesis

A
  • In mammal, all hematopoiesis occurs extra vascullarly. Megakaryocyte is responsible to make platelets.
  • In non-mammals, erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis take place within blood vessels (the sinusoids). Thrombocytes leave the sinusoid and enter the blood without crossing vessel walls. Birds do not have megakaryocytes.
  • Both granulocytic area of both species occur in extravascular space.
37
Q

What consequences created by inflammatory mediators (aka humoral growth factors)?

A

They stimulate the production of granulopoiesis but inhibit erythropoiesis production causing anemia.

38
Q

List the important interleukins

A

IL-7: lymphoid progenitors
IL-3: induce myeloid cells
GM-CSF: affect CFU-granulocytes monocytes
G-CSF: stimulate CFU-G
M-CSF: stimulate CFU-M
Erythropoietin (EPO): made in kidney, stimulate CFU-E
Thrombopoietin (TPO): made in kidney, liver, stromal cells, stimulate CFU-meg, HSC (hematopoietic stem cell)

39
Q

What is the most abundant cell types in blood?

A

Late stage erythrocytes and neutrophils. (most abundant cells are cells that are fully differentiated).

40
Q

What are the morphologic features of bone marrow precursor as cell develop?

A
  • Cell and nucleus size decrease
  • N:C decrease
  • Nucleoli disappear
  • Chromatin condenses
  • Basophilia of cytoplasm decreases (RNA decreases)
  • Cytoplasmic content accumulates
41
Q

Steps of erythrocyte lineage

A

Rubriblast > Prorubricyte > Basophilic rubricyte [end proliferative pool]&raquo_space; [st. maturative pool] Polychromiatic rubricyte > Metarubricyte > Polychromic erythrocyte = Reticulocyte > erythrocyte (RBC)

[no bone marrow storage]

1st cell: big and round nucleus, maybe more than 1 nucleoli, small volume of cytoplasm. Nucleus shrink, cytoplasm more in volume and lighter in color. Mature hemoglobin will be completely pink.

42
Q

Define metarubricyte

A

Last stage of RBC differentiation that still has a nucleus. Gray/blue to red cytoplasm as even more hemoglobin and less RNA.

43
Q

Define reticulocyte

A

No nucleus, pale blue-gray cytoplasm. Residual RNA stains with new methylene blue. Not fully mature.

44
Q

How long does erythropoiesis take? How many RBCs can be produced from 1 rubriblast?

A

Process takes 3-6 days (average 5 days); 1 rubriblast produces about 16-32 RBCs after 4-5 mitosis.

45
Q

What event causes stimulus of erythropoiesis?

A

Hypoxia stimulate erythropoietin production which increase erythropoiesis.

46
Q

Steps of neutrophil precursor lineage

A

(P) Myeloblast > Progranulocyte (1* granules) > Myelocyte (2* granules)
(M) Metamyelocyte > Band neutrophil > mature neutrophil

Cannot tell if cell is B,E, or N at progranulocyte, but yes definitely can in myelocyte.

47
Q

Difference between storage pool of small animals compared to large animals

A

Small animal: large pool
Large animal: small pool

48
Q

What factors that stimulate granulopoiesis to make granulocyte?

A

IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF

49
Q

What does IL-5 do?

A

IL-5 stimulates eosinophil production

50
Q

What’s the progenitor that monocyte developed from?

A

CFU-GM
Then monoblast, then promonocytes, then monocytes.

51
Q

What’s monocyte morphology?

A

BLUE cytoplasm. Nuclei can be oval, bean-shaped, amoeboid.

52
Q

How long does platelet live in circular?

A

6-10 days

53
Q

Platelet linage explain?

A
  • Megakaryoblast (1,2 distinct nuclei) > promegakaryocytes (from endomitosis)
  • Megakaryocytes > break up into platelets.
54
Q

Since TPO is always turned on. What controls TPO production?

A

Platelets bind TPO making it inactive. Thrombocytopenia causes more free TPO. Thromobocytosis causes less free TPO.

55
Q

Why does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Blood cells need to be replenished when they used up, worn out, too old.
- RBC lasts 100 days.
- Neutrophils 10 hrs
- Lymphocytes = years
- Platelets = 10 days

56
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Embryonic? Fetal? Young? Adult?

A
  • Embryonic = yolk sac, liver, spleen
  • Fetal = liver, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, LN.
  • Young = marrow of long and flat bones
  • Adult = marrow of flat bones and end of long bones. Except in reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
57
Q

How does hematopoiesis occur?

A
  • Hematopoietic stem cell is the ultimate precursor.
  • Creates myeloid and lymphoid progenitor
  • Erythropoiesis = RBC development
  • Thrombopoiesis = platelet development
  • Granulopoiesis = granulocyte development

402-Exam 1 (3 decks)

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