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402-Exam 1 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Distinguish clinical pathology vs. anatomical pathology

A
  • Clinical: hematology, clinical chem, UA, cytology, blood smear, non-tissue
  • Anatomical: necropsy, evaluate tissue, gross pathology and histopathology
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2
Q

How many components do blood have? Name them.

A

Two. Aqueous is plasma. Cellular fraction consists of RBC, leukocytes, and platelets.

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3
Q

What does buffy coat consist of?

A

Platelets and leukocytes

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4
Q

What disease indicates extreme abundant in buffy coat when looking at crit tube?

A

Severe infection or leukemia.

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5
Q

Difference between plasma vs. serum

A
  • Serum is plasma that has not clotted. Lack fibrinogen.
  • Plasma is treated with anticoagulant.
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6
Q

When compare TP between serum and plasma, which one has higher protein content?

A

Plasma

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7
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A
  • Proteins (ALB, GLOB)
  • Electrolytes (Cations, anions)
  • Nutrients (Glucose, FA, triglycerides, AA)
  • Metabolic ‘by-product’ (urea, CREA, BIL)
  • Signaling molecules (hormones, cytokines, GF)
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8
Q

List most abundant to least abundant in blood components

A

Erythrocytes (10^6/uL) > Platelets (10^5u/L in mammals, less in non-mammals) > Leukocytes (10^3u/L)

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9
Q

What does leukocytes primary function?

A

Protection from exogenous (infectious organisms) and endogenous (cancer) harmful agents.

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10
Q

Recognize RBCs in different species: dog, cat, camelid, deer, goat/sheep, turtle, hawk

A
  • Dog: paler central
  • Cat: less pale center, looks more uniform, RBC smaller.
  • Alpaca (all camelid): oval shape
  • Deer: sickle cell morphology
  • Goat/sheep: tiny size
  • Turtle: oval nucleated RBC.
  • Hawk: more elongated nucleated RBC
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11
Q

What leukocytes are in PMNs group? And what leukocytes are in mononuclear group?

A
  • PMN (polymorphic nuclears) = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
  • Mononuclear = lymphocytes, monocytes.
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12
Q

What leukocytes have granules?

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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13
Q

What animals have the most abundant basophils?

A

Rabbits

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14
Q

What is skipocyte? Do we interpret them?

A

Skipocyte is ruptured leukocyte. And no, we SKIPPED it, it’s an artifact.

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15
Q

What’s the difference between heterophil and neutrophil?

A

Same function, granules from heterophil stained more vividly.

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16
Q

Difference between thrombocytes and platelets

A

Platelets are non-nucleated cytoplasmic fragments, whereas thrombocyte are nucleated.

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17
Q

What are 2 components of coagulation?

A
  • Calcium ions (cofactors od coag enzymes)
  • Thrombin (a key protease)
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18
Q

Light-blue tube usage?

A

Additive is sodium citrate, prevents blood from clotting by binding calcium, use for coag test.

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19
Q

Lavender/pink tube usage?

A

Additive is potassium EDTA, prevents clotting by binding calcium, use in hematology and blood bank.

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20
Q

Gray tube usage?

A

Additive: Sodium fluoride, sodium/potassium oxalate. Fluoride inhibits glycolysis, oxalate prevents clotting by precipitating calcium. Use in glucose, blood alcohol, and lactic acid test.

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21
Q

Green-top tube usage?

A

Additive includes sodium or lithium heparin. Prevents clotting by inhibiting thrombin and thromboplastin. Use in STAT or routine chemistry.

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22
Q

Red/gold/tiger top usage?

A

Additive is +/- clot activator or get. Clot activator promotes blood clotting, gel separates serum from cells. Use in chemistry, serology, immunology.

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23
Q

What does EDTA do? and Why does it NOT use in chemistry?

A

Inhibits coagulation by chelating calcium cations, also chelates other cations such as K+ and Na+ and Mg2+.

24
Q

What does Heparin do?

A

Heparin inhibits coagulation by activating antithrombin, which inhibits the action of thrombin. Can be used in both hematology and blood chemistry.

25
What does the CBC compose of?
- Erythrogram - Leukogram - Thrombogram - Miscellaneous (plasma protein, and color of plasma)
26
How does impedance principle work to count blood cells?
Change in electric impedance generated by cells passing through the aperture. Can differentiate leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets.
27
How does flow cytometry work?
Stream the cell in single cell column, then illuminate them with light to determine the reflection from the cell based on their shadow. Provide differential count.
28
What are the different Romanowsky stain? and which are used the most in pathology lab?
Use most: Wright's and Giemsa, occ. Leishman's. Diff-quick is usually in house.
29
Distinguish hematopoiesis vs. myelopoiesis vs. lymphopoiesis.
- Hematopoiesis: production of all blood elements (RBCS, platelets, leukocytes). - Myelopoiesis: production of non-lymphoid bone marrow or bone marrow derived cells (everything above except lymphocytes) - Lymphopoiesis: lymphocyte production.
30
Life span of neutrophils, platelets, RBCs, lymphocytes?
- Neutrophils = 10 hours - Platelets = 10 days - RBC = 100 days - Lymphocytes = may live for many years
31
What is CFU?
Colony Forming Units: hematopoietic progenitor cells are defined by their capacity to form colonies and differentiate in vitro. E.g.: CFU-Granulocyte
32
What's CD34 benefits/functions?
CD34 is a hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell surface marker in which cells carry this CD34 can be used in therapeutic hematopoietic reconstitution.
33
Where do hematopoiesis happen in different species? Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish?
- Mammals and birds: bone marrow - Reptiles: bone marrow and spleen - Amphibians: spleen, kidney, liver - Fish: kidney (primary!), spleen, liver
34
Compare growing animals with adult animals in terms of blood cell population.
Growing animals EXPAND blood cell population. Adult MAINTAIN blood cell population.
35
Compare bone marrow of young animals to bone marrow of old animals
- In young, marrow of all bones are red due to Hgb. - In old, the mid-shaft marrow of long bones is yellow due to fat replacement of hematopoietic cells.
36
Difference between mammalian hematopoiesis vs. non-mammalian hematopoiesis
- In mammal, all hematopoiesis occurs extra vascullarly. Megakaryocyte is responsible to make platelets. - In non-mammals, erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis take place within blood vessels (the sinusoids). Thrombocytes leave the sinusoid and enter the blood without crossing vessel walls. Birds do not have megakaryocytes. - Both granulocytic area of both species occur in extravascular space.
37
What consequences created by inflammatory mediators (aka humoral growth factors)?
They stimulate the production of granulopoiesis but inhibit erythropoiesis production causing anemia.
38
List the important interleukins
IL-7: lymphoid progenitors IL-3: induce myeloid cells GM-CSF: affect CFU-granulocytes monocytes G-CSF: stimulate CFU-G M-CSF: stimulate CFU-M **Erythropoietin (EPO): made in kidney, stimulate CFU-E** **Thrombopoietin (TPO): made in kidney, liver, stromal cells, stimulate CFU-meg, HSC (hematopoietic stem cell)**
39
What is the most abundant cell types in blood?
Late stage erythrocytes and neutrophils. (most abundant cells are cells that are fully differentiated).
40
What are the morphologic features of bone marrow precursor as cell develop?
- Cell and nucleus size decrease - N:C decrease - Nucleoli disappear - Chromatin condenses - Basophilia of cytoplasm decreases (RNA decreases) - Cytoplasmic content accumulates
41
Steps of erythrocyte lineage
Rubriblast > Prorubricyte > Basophilic rubricyte [end proliferative pool] >> [st. maturative pool] Polychromiatic rubricyte > Metarubricyte > Polychromic erythrocyte = Reticulocyte > erythrocyte (RBC) [no bone marrow storage] 1st cell: big and round nucleus, maybe more than 1 nucleoli, small volume of cytoplasm. Nucleus shrink, cytoplasm more in volume and lighter in color. Mature hemoglobin will be completely pink.
42
Define metarubricyte
Last stage of RBC differentiation that still has a nucleus. Gray/blue to red cytoplasm as even more hemoglobin and less RNA.
43
Define reticulocyte
No nucleus, pale blue-gray cytoplasm. Residual RNA stains with new methylene blue. Not fully mature.
44
How long does erythropoiesis take? How many RBCs can be produced from 1 rubriblast?
Process takes 3-6 days (average 5 days); 1 rubriblast produces about 16-32 RBCs after 4-5 mitosis.
45
What event causes stimulus of erythropoiesis?
Hypoxia stimulate erythropoietin production which increase erythropoiesis.
46
Steps of neutrophil precursor lineage
(P) Myeloblast > Progranulocyte (1* granules) > Myelocyte (2* granules) (M) Metamyelocyte > Band neutrophil > mature neutrophil Cannot tell if cell is B,E, or N at progranulocyte, but yes definitely can in myelocyte.
47
Difference between storage pool of small animals compared to large animals
Small animal: large pool Large animal: small pool
48
What factors that stimulate granulopoiesis to make granulocyte?
IL-3, GM-CSF, G-CSF
49
What does IL-5 do?
IL-5 stimulates eosinophil production
50
What's the progenitor that monocyte developed from?
CFU-GM Then monoblast, then promonocytes, then monocytes.
51
What's monocyte morphology?
BLUE cytoplasm. Nuclei can be oval, bean-shaped, amoeboid.
52
How long does platelet live in circular?
6-10 days
53
Platelet linage explain?
- Megakaryoblast (1,2 distinct nuclei) > promegakaryocytes (from endomitosis) - Megakaryocytes > break up into platelets.
54
Since TPO is always turned on. What controls TPO production?
Platelets bind TPO making it inactive. Thrombocytopenia causes more free TPO. Thromobocytosis causes less free TPO.
55
Why does hematopoiesis occur?
Blood cells need to be replenished when they used up, worn out, too old. - RBC lasts 100 days. - Neutrophils 10 hrs - Lymphocytes = years - Platelets = 10 days
56
Where does hematopoiesis occur? Embryonic? Fetal? Young? Adult?
- Embryonic = yolk sac, liver, spleen - Fetal = liver, spleen, bone marrow, kidney, LN. - Young = marrow of long and flat bones - Adult = marrow of flat bones and end of long bones. Except in reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
57
How does hematopoiesis occur?
- Hematopoietic stem cell is the ultimate precursor. - Creates myeloid and lymphoid progenitor - Erythropoiesis = RBC development - Thrombopoiesis = platelet development - Granulopoiesis = granulocyte development

402-Exam 1 (3 decks)

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