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Clinical Lab > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.

A

cytokines

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2
Q

a cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

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3
Q

these are blood cells that are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differntiated state.
-should only be found in bone marrow

A

blasts

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4
Q

if blasts are circulating in the blood what should you suspect?

A

malignancy

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5
Q

have many types, including granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes

A

white blood cells (leukocytes)

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6
Q

Granulocytes types (3)

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils.

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7
Q

how granulocytes respond to foreign cells. It is an inborn, non-specific response that does not arise from a previous infection and has no memory.

A

Innate immune response

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8
Q

innate immune response includes this which involves >30 proteins that act in sequence to neutralize, attract, enhance, kill, etc

A

complement cascade

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9
Q

(acquired immunity) this is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens

A

adaptive immune response

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10
Q

Low red blood cell count (RBC) and/or low hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct).

A

anemia

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11
Q

how is anemia caused

A

decrease in production
increase in destruction
blood loss.

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12
Q

lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBC

A

Reticulocyte count

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13
Q

what is a reticulocyte use to determine?

A

bone marrow activity

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14
Q

lab value that reflects the average size of the RBCs; derived from a ratio of packed RBCs to total RBCs.

A

mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

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15
Q

RBCs are of average size, usually expressed through a normal MCV.

A

Normocytic

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16
Q

small RBCs, usually expressed through a low MCV.

A

microcytic

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17
Q

large RBCs, usually expressed through a high MCV

A

macrocytic

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18
Q

what test is used to determine size of RBC

A

MCV

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19
Q

a RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through a normal MCHC.

A

Normochromic

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20
Q

lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as MCV.

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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21
Q

a lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.

A

Ferritin Level

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22
Q

If there is inflammation, this test can be ordered to determine available iron stores in the body

A

TfR/Transferrin Receptor Assay

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23
Q

a protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries O2 and CO2. There are many different types (babies have F and most adults have A)

A

Hemoglobin

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24
Q

a group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule.
ex.

A

Hemoglobinopathy

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25
Q

Hb S is a type of hemoglobinopathy that is seen in what disease?

A

sickle cell anemia

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26
Q

Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.

A

Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

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27
Q

a hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs

A

sickle cell anemia

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28
Q

anemia due to decreased red cell production.

A

Aplastic anemia

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29
Q

aplastic anemia is most commonly seen in this disease when all blood elements are low from the failure of bone marrow to generate new cells

A

pancytopenia

30
Q

break down or destruction of RBCs.

A

hemolysis

31
Q

a disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Can be an inherited defect in RBCs, non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder or episodically such as G6PD.

A

Hemolytic anemia

32
Q

inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. May result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.

A

iron deficiency

33
Q

an inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains

A

thalassemia

34
Q

what types of thalassemia are there?

A

alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia

35
Q

a group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts

A

sideroblastic anemia

36
Q

what causes sideroblastic anemia

A

chronic alcoholism or lead poisoning

37
Q

characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.

A

Megaloblastic anemias

38
Q

what types of anemias are microcytic

A

Iron deficiency
thalassemias
lead poisoning

39
Q

what types of anemias are normocytic

A

aplastic anemias
hemolytic anemias (G6PD)
Hemoglobinopathies (sicke cell)

40
Q

what type of anemias are macrocytic

A

megaloblastic anemias: B12 and folate deficienes

41
Q

the series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot

A

coagulation cascade

42
Q

each step in the coagulation cascade requires what before the next step can proceed?

A

activation of an enzyme

43
Q

how is initial activation usually done for the coagulation cascade to begin?

A

intrinsic or extrinsic pathyway

44
Q

the end result of the coagulation cascade

A

thrombin

45
Q

activated by thrombin leading to clot formation

A

fibrinogen

46
Q

activated by thrombin leading to inhibition of clot fomation

A

plasminogen

47
Q

Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade

A

Prothrombin Time (PT) and (INR)

48
Q

Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade

A

Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

49
Q

lab test to determine platelet function

A

bleeding time

50
Q

a lab test that screens for venous thrombosis

A

D-dimer

51
Q

lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand’s diseases.
Hemophilia is an x-linked recessive disorder

A

Factor VIII disorders

52
Q

lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia B. (x-linked)

A

Factor IX disorders

53
Q

lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia C.

A

Factor XI disorders

54
Q

a decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.

A

36) Thrombocytopenia

55
Q

a deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura)

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

56
Q

a disorder that includes a deficiency of platelets, hemolytic anemia, fever, neurologic abnormalities and purpura with the deposition of microthrombi within the capillaries.

A

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

57
Q

inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders

A

Thrombophilias

58
Q

a malignant disease where bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, specifically involving lymphocytes.

A

Lymphocytic leukemia

59
Q

a type of leukemia with a specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl. Starts out chronic, becomes acute.

A

Myelogenous /Myeloid leukemia

60
Q

A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system.

A

lymphoma

61
Q

what are to major classes of lymphoma

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.

62
Q

neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function).

A

multiple myeloma

63
Q

what clinical symptom will patients with multiple myeloma present with

A

bone pain in lower back

64
Q

the study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Used in blood blanks

A

Immunohematology

65
Q

responsible for collecting, storing and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.

A

blood bank

66
Q

what are transfusions components

A
  1. whole blood
  2. plasma only (fluid portion of blood without the cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors)
  3. packed RBCs
  4. cryoprecipitates
    5 platelets only.
67
Q

– a transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate.

A

cryoprecipitates

68
Q

what is cryoprecipitaties high in

A

factor VIII

69
Q

when are cryoprecipitates used?

A

massive hemorrhage

70
Q

transfusion complications:

A
  1. acute (within 24 hours) vs. delayed
  2. infectious or non-infectious.
  3. TRALI (most fatal)
71
Q

what is TRALI

A

(transfusion-related acute lung injury) where antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient’s immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.R

72
Q

parents can donate their infant’s cord blood for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic and immunodeficiency disorders.

A

Umbilical cord blood

Clinical Lab (7 decks)

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