Hematology Flashcards
Proteins that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and control stem cell differentiation into specific cell types.
cytokines
a cytokine that influences stem cells to develop into red blood cells
erythropoietin
these are blood cells that are in an immature stage of development; they are between the stem cell stage and the fully-differntiated state.
-should only be found in bone marrow
blasts
if blasts are circulating in the blood what should you suspect?
malignancy
have many types, including granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes
white blood cells (leukocytes)
Granulocytes types (3)
neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils.
how granulocytes respond to foreign cells. It is an inborn, non-specific response that does not arise from a previous infection and has no memory.
Innate immune response
innate immune response includes this which involves >30 proteins that act in sequence to neutralize, attract, enhance, kill, etc
complement cascade
(acquired immunity) this is how lymphocytes respond to foreign substances. It involves a method of learning and remembering specific antigens
adaptive immune response
Low red blood cell count (RBC) and/or low hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct).
anemia
how is anemia caused
decrease in production
increase in destruction
blood loss.
lab value that measures immature erythrocytes/RBC
Reticulocyte count
what is a reticulocyte use to determine?
bone marrow activity
lab value that reflects the average size of the RBCs; derived from a ratio of packed RBCs to total RBCs.
mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
RBCs are of average size, usually expressed through a normal MCV.
Normocytic
small RBCs, usually expressed through a low MCV.
microcytic
large RBCs, usually expressed through a high MCV
macrocytic
what test is used to determine size of RBC
MCV
a RBC having the normal color due to adequate hemoglobin, usually expressed through a normal MCHC.
Normochromic
lab value that estimates the hemoglobin concentration. Not as helpful as MCV.
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
a lab test that is used to determine available iron stores in the body.
Ferritin Level
If there is inflammation, this test can be ordered to determine available iron stores in the body
TfR/Transferrin Receptor Assay
a protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that carries O2 and CO2. There are many different types (babies have F and most adults have A)
Hemoglobin
a group of inherited disorders characterized by structural variations of the hemoglobin molecule.
ex.
Hemoglobinopathy
Hb S is a type of hemoglobinopathy that is seen in what disease?
sickle cell anemia
Lab test that identifies hemoglobin type.
Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
a hemoglobinopathy that occurs in people homozygous for Hb S resulting in distorted and fragile RBCs
sickle cell anemia
anemia due to decreased red cell production.
Aplastic anemia
aplastic anemia is most commonly seen in this disease when all blood elements are low from the failure of bone marrow to generate new cells
pancytopenia
break down or destruction of RBCs.
hemolysis
a disorder involving a premature destruction of RBCs. Can be an inherited defect in RBCs, non-inherited causes such as an immune disorder or episodically such as G6PD.
Hemolytic anemia
inadequate iron supply for normal hemoglobin synthesis. May result from poor diet, poor absorption, or chronic bleeding.
iron deficiency
an inherited hemolytic hemoglobinopathy caused by deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains
thalassemia
what types of thalassemia are there?
alpha-thalassemia or beta-thalassemia
a group of disorders that have reduced hemoglobin synthesis resulting in iron accumulation in the mitochondria of erythroblasts
sideroblastic anemia
what causes sideroblastic anemia
chronic alcoholism or lead poisoning
characterized by abnormal production of large, immature and dysfunctional erythrocytes. Includes B12 and folate deficiencies.
Megaloblastic anemias
what types of anemias are microcytic
Iron deficiency
thalassemias
lead poisoning
what types of anemias are normocytic
aplastic anemias
hemolytic anemias (G6PD)
Hemoglobinopathies (sicke cell)
what type of anemias are macrocytic
megaloblastic anemias: B12 and folate deficienes
the series of steps that ultimately leads to the formation of a clot
coagulation cascade
each step in the coagulation cascade requires what before the next step can proceed?
activation of an enzyme
how is initial activation usually done for the coagulation cascade to begin?
intrinsic or extrinsic pathyway
the end result of the coagulation cascade
thrombin
activated by thrombin leading to clot formation
fibrinogen
activated by thrombin leading to inhibition of clot fomation
plasminogen
Detects deficiencies in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade
Prothrombin Time (PT) and (INR)
Detects deficiencies in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
lab test to determine platelet function
bleeding time
a lab test that screens for venous thrombosis
D-dimer
lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia A and von Willebrand’s diseases.
Hemophilia is an x-linked recessive disorder
Factor VIII disorders
lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia B. (x-linked)
Factor IX disorders
lacking a factor from the intrinsic pathway. Also known as hemophilia C.
Factor XI disorders
a decrease in platelet number as a result of decreased production, increased destruction or consumption, or splenomegaly.
36) Thrombocytopenia
a deficiency of platelets that results in bleeding into the skin and other organs (purpura)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
a disorder that includes a deficiency of platelets, hemolytic anemia, fever, neurologic abnormalities and purpura with the deposition of microthrombi within the capillaries.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
inherited hypercoaguable blood disorders
Thrombophilias
a malignant disease where bone marrow is replaced with proliferating leukocyte precursors, specifically involving lymphocytes.
Lymphocytic leukemia
a type of leukemia with a specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome, which is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, and results in the fusion gene bcr/abl. Starts out chronic, becomes acute.
Myelogenous /Myeloid leukemia
A neoplastic disease involving lymphocytes and the lymphatic system.
lymphoma
what are to major classes of lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphomas.
neoplastic disease where bone marrow is replaced with plasma cells (lymphocyte-like cell involved in immune function).
multiple myeloma
what clinical symptom will patients with multiple myeloma present with
bone pain in lower back
the study of blood cell reactions for the therapeutic replacement of blood. Used in blood blanks
Immunohematology
responsible for collecting, storing and processing blood for transfusions, as well as providing patient compatible transfusions with the hope of preventing a transfusion reaction.
blood bank
what are transfusions components
- whole blood
- plasma only (fluid portion of blood without the cellular elements; it contains all coagulation factors)
- packed RBCs
- cryoprecipitates
5 platelets only.
– a transfusion component that is prepared by thawing fresh frozen plasma and collecting the precipitate.
cryoprecipitates
what is cryoprecipitaties high in
factor VIII
when are cryoprecipitates used?
massive hemorrhage
transfusion complications:
- acute (within 24 hours) vs. delayed
- infectious or non-infectious.
- TRALI (most fatal)
what is TRALI
(transfusion-related acute lung injury) where antibodies in the transfusion activate the recipient’s immune system and trigger non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema.R
parents can donate their infant’s cord blood for stem cell transplants to treat oncologic, genetic, hematologic and immunodeficiency disorders.
Umbilical cord blood
