HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
a scientific study of blood and its
component
Helps physicians diagnose
abnormalities in the blood
HEMATOLOGY
The standard procedure of blood
collection uses lancets and needles of
various gauges.
Phlebotomy
3 TYPES OF PHLEBOTOMY
Skin puncture, venipuncture, arterial puncture
Venipuncture is involved with what vessel?
veins
Skinpuncture is involved with what vessel?
capillaries
Arterial puncture is involved with what vessel?
Arteries
Clear yellow liquid, Water, sugar, fat, protein, and salt
solution, 55% of a normal human’s blood volume
Plasma
■ Transport’s RBC, WBC, and platelets
through the blood vessels
■ Remove waste products of metabolism
Plasma
ERYTHROCYTE is what cell?
RED BLOOD CELL
The anucleated cell produced from
the bone marrow; Hemoglobin
RED BLOOD CELL
gas transporting protein
molecule
Hemoglobin
What are the functions of RBC?
■ Transports oxygen (lungs →
tissue)
■ Transports carbon dioxide (back
to lungs)
low number of RBCs
Anemia
Polycythemia
high number of
RBCs
(LEUKOCYTE)
WHITE BLOOD CELL
○ Nucleated cells that lack hemoglobin
○ Acts as a defense against infection
WHITE BLOOD CELL
What are the different types of WBC?
Neutrophil, lymphocyte, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte
○ Most numerous
○ Multi-lobed nucleus
○ Pale lilac granules
○ Function: Immune defense
NEUTROPHIL
○ Spherical nucleus
○ “Robin’s egg blue” cytoplasm
Types: ■ T- Cell: Cellular immune response
■ B Cell: Antibody production
■ NK Cells: kills cancer cells
LYMPHOCYTE
Cellular immune response
T- Cell
Antibody production
B Cell
kills cancer cells
NK Cells
○ Usually with a bilobed nucleus
○ Granules stain bright reddish-
orange
○ Function:
■ Defense against parasites
■ Active allergic response
EOSINOPHIL
○ With purple-blue granules
○ Function:
■ Inflammatory response
■ Involved in allergic response
BASOPHIL
○ Kidney-shaped or horseshoe-
shaped nucleus
○ Types (in tissues):
■ Dendritic cell
■ Macrophage
MONOCYTE
Marks out cells that are antigens (foreign
bodies) that should
be destroyed by
lymphocytes
Dendritic cell
Acts as antigen-presenting cells
Macrophage
○ Cell fragments
○ Function:
■ Form clots during injury to
prevent blood from leaking
out
PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTE)
HEMATOLOGY SECTION, HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION, HEMATOCRIT DETERMINATION, BLOOD CELL COUNT, BECKMAN COULTER AUTOMATED
HEMATOLOGY ANALYZER, PERIPHERAL BLOOD SMEAR
TESTS PERFORMED IN HEMATOLOGY
SECTION
RETICULOCYTE COUNT, ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE, PLASMA COAGULATION ASSAYS,
ADDITIONAL HEMATOLOGY PROCEDURES
○ Hemoglobin
○ Hematocrit
○ Red blood cell count
○ White blood cell count
○ Platelet count/estimate
○ Rbc indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
○ Counting the number concentration of
cells
○ Determining the relative distribution of
various types of cells
○ Measuring biochemical abnormalities
of the blood
○ Hemostasis and coagulation assays
Procedures performed in Hema Section
Iron-containing oxygen transport
metalloprotein in the red blood cells
HEMOGLOBIN
■ Cyanmethemoglobin Method
■ Automated Hemoglobinometry
■ Point-of-care (POC) Hemoglobin
HEMOGLOBIN DETERMINATION
○ Reagent: Drabkin’s Reagent
○ Principle: Oxidation of ferrous
iron to ferric by potassium
ferricyanide =
Cyanmethemoglobin Method
Utilizes cyanmethemoglobin
method with modified Drabkin’s
reagent
Automated Hemoglobinometry
○ HemoCue Method
○ Modified azide methemoglobin
reaction
○ Regent:
■ Sodium nitrate and
sodium azide
Point-of-care (POC) Hemoglobin
Assay
For evaluation or treatment of anemia and
determine the presence of nutritional deficiencies
HEMATOCRIT DETERMINATION
Manual puncture, Blood collection method: skin
puncture, Spin a blood-filled capillary tube
using a microhematocrit
centrifuge (Method of Hematocrit Determination)
Spun Microhematocrit
Computed from the mean
cell volume and the red cell
count (Method of Hematocrit Determination)
Automated
■ White blood cells count
diluting fluid
■ Thoma white pipette
■ Hemacytometer and coverslip
■ Alcohol pads
■ Microscope
Requirements of Blood Cell Count
Also known as Coulter Principle; The sizing and counting of
particles are based on
changes in electrical
resistance creating voltage
pulses.
ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE
■ Hydrodynamic focusing
method
■ Uses laser light in cell
counting and sizing
OPTICAL DETECTION
a quantitative and automated hematology
analyzer, which is designed for in vitro
diagnostic use in clinical laboratories
BECKMAN COULTER AUTOMATED
HEMATOLOGY ANALYZER
Steps in Peripheral Blood Smear
- Place a small drop of whole blood on a very
clean slide. Hold a second slide at the angle
above. - While maintaining contact with the button
slide, pull the top slide back to contact the
drop, which will spread by capillary action. - Maintain firm contact with the button slide and
push the top slide in one motion to produce
the smear.
Young RBCs without nucleus but still
bear cytoplasmic RNA
RETICULOCYTES
● Determines how the bone marrow produce and
release new RBCs to compensate lost/damaged
RBCs
● Blood film is stained with a supravital stain
RETICULOCYTE COUNT
The rate at which RBCs fall in a column; non-specific test for inflammation
ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION RATE
Anticoagulant for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Sodium Citrate
Time of testing for Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
one hour
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
PLASMA COAGULATION ASSAYS
○ Coagulation testing
○ Detect abnormalities in hemostasis
○ Anticoagulant: Sodium citrate
○ Sample: Plasma only
Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial
Thromboplastin Time (APTT)
