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NCM 112 MEDSURG > HEMATOLOGY > Flashcards

HEMATOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Transport of gases
and maintenance of acid-based balance

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

Promotes production of Mature RBC in the bone marrow

A

Erythropoietin

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3
Q

Necessary for RBC production

A

Iron

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4
Q

Lifespan of RBCs

A

120 days

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5
Q

An invasive procedure that helps in
evaluating the patient’s hematologic
status

A

Bone Marrow Biopsy

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6
Q

Most Common site for BMB

A

iliac crest or sternum

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7
Q

Advise client to avoid any activity that might result in trauma in the site
for ____

A

48H

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8
Q

A disorder in which there is a
deficiency in the number of
erythrocytes, the quantity of
hemoglobin and/or volume of
RBCs (hematocrit)

A

Anemia

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9
Q

Group of diseases involving inadequate production of normal Hgb which decreases RBC production

A

Thalassemia

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10
Q

Has Heterozygous form: 1 thalassemic gene and 1 normal

A

Thalassemia MINOR

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11
Q

It has a Homozygous form: 2 thalassemic genes; a life-threatening disease that slows the growth
physically and mentally

A

Thalassemia MAJOR

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12
Q

A rare disease caused by the
decrease in or damage to marrow stem cells

A

Aplastic Anemia

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13
Q

Group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and characterized by the presence of large RBCs

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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14
Q

it is either caused by a deficiency in B12 or Folic Acid which is essential for normal DNA synthesis

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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15
Q

A type of hemolytic anemia that causes destruction or hemolysis of RBCs at a rate that exceeds production

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

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16
Q

Tissue hypoxia and necrosis d/t inadequate blood flow to specific organ or tissue

A

Sickle crisis

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17
Q

results from infection with human
parvovirus; Hbg falls rapidly and the marrow cannot compensate

A

Aplastic Anemia

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18
Q

Other organs pool the sickled cells
causing infarction (most common splenic infarction in children; for adults, liver, and lungs)

A

Sequestration crisis

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19
Q

Refers to the primary polycythemia, an
increased volume of erythrocytes, which is a proliferative disorder of the myeloid stem cells

A

Polycythemia Vera

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20
Q

X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by defective/ deficient coagulation factor

A

Hemophilia

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21
Q

Classic hemophilia with factor VIII
deficiency, 4x more common

A

Hemophilia A

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22
Q

Hemophilia with Christmas factor or
factor IX deficiency

A

Hemophilia B

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23
Q

slow, persistent, prolonged bleeding from minor trauma and small cuts

A

Hemophilia

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24
Q

Commonly seen in ethnics groups in the Mediterranean sea, Southeastern Asia, Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, Southern Russia and Africa

A

Thalassemia

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25
Q

Palpitations, Mild fatigue, Exertional
dyspnea, Hgb 10-12g/dL

A

Mild Anemia

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26
Q

Aside from S/Sx of anemia: infections d/t significant neutropenia, purpura (bruising) d/t significant
thrombocytopenia, cervical lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, retinal hemorrhages

A

Aplastic Anemia

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27
Q

An autoimmune condition that prevents
formation of B12-intrinsic factor complex which decreases absorption of B12

A

Pernicious anemia

28
Q

inability to release B12 from dietary proteins (may be secondary to H.Pylori infxn, gastric surgery, atrophic gastritis)

A

Food Cobalamin Malabsorption

29
Q

absence of gastric acid and pepsin results in impaired liberation of B12 from food proteins and reduced intrinsic factors

A

Gastrectomy/ Bariatric Surgery

30
Q

Cause:
1. Inadequate dietary intake
2. Increased requirements d/t rapid cell proliferation –
3. Intestinal malabsorption d/t surgery and inflammatory disorders like celiac disease
4. Medications such as methotrexate, antibiotics, antiseizure agents
5. Genetic disorders

A

B9 DEFICIENCY

31
Q

Cause
1. Pernicious anemia
2. Inadequate dietary intake
3. Food Cobalamin Malabsorption
4. Gastrectomy/ Bariatric Surgery
5. Medications such as antacids, PPIs, H2 Blockers, Metformin
6. Small Intestine disorders

A

B12 DEFICIENCY

32
Q

1) elevated reticulocyte count
2) fraction of unconjugated bilirubin is increased
3) supply of haptoglobin is depleted

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

33
Q

Common triggers for the sickling crises

A
  1. Cold temperature
  2. Increased blood viscosity
34
Q

Most common cause of death in sickle cell anemia

A

Pulmonary Hypertension

35
Q

Fever, Cough, Tachycardia and infiltrates on CXR

A

Acute chest syndrome

36
Q

Clinical Manifestation
- A rapidly hemolyzed and have very a short lifespan (10-12 days)
- Enlargement of the bones of the face and skull
- Anemia is present (Hgb 7-10g/dL) with jaundice (at sclera), for those w/ chronic anemia tachycardia, cardiac murmurs and cardiomegaly
- Any organ may be affected by the thrombosis but most common are in the lungs, spleen, and CNS
- Increased susceptibility to infection

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

37
Q

o Typically with ruddy complexion, splenomegaly and generalized pruritus (d/t increased basophils releasing histamine)
o Increased blood volumes manifest as headaches, dizziness, tinnitus, fatigue, paresthesia, blurred vision
o Increased blood viscosity manifests as angina, claudication, dyspnea and thrombophlebitis
o Elevated Blood pressure and uric acid
o Erythromyalgia, a burning sensation in the fingers and toes and relieved by cooling

A

Polycythenia Vera

38
Q

Complication for PV:
Increased risk of thromboses causes __

A

CVA & MI

39
Q

Thrombotic complications as the most common causes of death

A

Complication for PV

40
Q

Reduction of platelets below 150,000 mcL and occurs d/t impaired production, increased destruction or
abnormal distribution

A

Thrombocytopenia

41
Q

A disease that affects people of all ages
but more common in children and young
women

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

42
Q

occurs predominantly in children, appears 1-6 weeks after a viral illness, self-limited and may have a remission that occurs spontaneously within 6 months

A

ACUTE Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

43
Q

Diagnosed by exclusion of other causes of thrombocytopenia

A

CHRONIC Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

44
Q

An uncommon syndrome characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and neurologic abnormalities, fever and renal abnormalities

A

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

45
Q

Caused by deficiency of plasma enzyme (ADAMTS13) that breaks down von Willebrand clotting factor into normal size

A

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

46
Q

Not a disease but a sign of an underlying condition. it may be triggered by sepsis, trauma, cancer, shock,
abruptio placentae, toxins, and allergic reactions

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

47
Q
  1. slow, persistent, prolonged bleeding from minor trauma and small cuts
  2. delayed bleeding after minor injuries (several hours to days)
  3. uncontrollable hemorrhage after dental extraction/ irritation of the gingiva with a hard-bristle toothbrush
  4. nosebleeds, especially after a blow to the face
  5. hematuria and potential renal failure from GU trauma and splenic rupture
  6. bruising and subcutaneous hematomas
  7. neurologic signs, such as pain, anesthesia and paralysis
  8. hemarthrosis (bleeding in the joints)
A

Hemophilia

48
Q

blood is taken from the patient and passed through a centrifuge where a specific component is separated and
removed. The remaining blood is then returned to the client

A

APHERESIS

49
Q

Phases of Clotting Mechanism

A
  1. Vascular Phase
  2. Platelet Phase
  3. Coagulation Phase
  4. Clot Retraction
  5. Clot Destruction
50
Q

largest lymphoid organ on the upper left quadrant; functions include: 1) hematopoietic, 2) filtration, 3)
immunologic and 4) storage

A

Spleen

51
Q

A local anesthesia will be given and produce a _____

A

stinging/ burning sensation

52
Q

Cover the site with dressing to control bleeding and MONITOR for

A

24 hours

53
Q

Hgb 6-10g/dL, Bounding Pulse, Fatigue, dyspnea, Roaring in the ears

A

Moderate Anemia

54
Q

Tachycardia, lethargy, Pallor, jaundice, pruritus, Tachypnea, Bone pain, Glossitis, smooth tongue, retinal hemorrhage, blurred vision, Headache, Hgb <6g/dL

A

Severe Anemia

55
Q

Often asymptomatic, with mild-moderate anemia with microcytic and hypochromic cells, mild splenomegaly, bronze skin, and bone marrow hyperplasia

A

Thalassemia Minor

56
Q

S/Sx develops by age 2 with general
symptoms of anemia, and jaundice is prominent
and pronounced splenomegaly

A

Thalassemia Major

57
Q

Food High in B12 (Cobalamin)

A

o Beef liver
o Clams
o Tuna/ bluefin
o Nutritional yeast
o Salmon

58
Q

Food High in Folate

A

o Beef liver
o Spinach
o Breakfast cereals
o Rice
o Asparagus

59
Q

• Hematologic effects are accompanied by effects on other organ systems
• Extremely pale, confused and exhibits paresthesias in the extremities
• Difficulty maintaining balance d/t spinal cord damage and loss of position sense
• S/Sx are progressive and may have spontaneous remissions and exacerbations

A

B12 and B9 Deficiency

60
Q

Apheresis procedure that remove platelets

A

Platelet pheresis

61
Q

Apheresis procedure that remove WBCs

A

Leukapheresis

62
Q

Apheresis procedure that remove RBCs

A

Erythrocytapheresis (RBC exchange)

63
Q

Apheresis procedure that remove plasma proteins

A

Plasmapheresis (Plasma Exchange)

64
Q

Apheresis procedure that remove circulating stem cells

A

Stem cell Harvest

65
Q

1) compromised organ function
2) low platelet and fibrinogen levels,
3) prolonged PT, aPTT, and thrombin time elevated D-dimers (FDGs)

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

NCM 112 MEDSURG (4 decks)

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