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hematology Flashcards

1
Q

percentage of components in blood

A
  • 55% plasma
  • 1% white blood cells and platelets
  • 44% red blood cells
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2
Q

what is serum

is fibrinogen present

A
  • part of blood after coagulation

- no

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3
Q

what is plasma

is fibrinogen present

A
  • liquid cell free part of blood treated with anti coagulants
  • yes
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4
Q

function of blood

5 reason

A
  • transporting oxygen
  • forming blood clots
  • carrying cells and antibodies fight infection
  • bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver
  • regulating body temperature
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5
Q

physical properties of blood ( 3 properties )

ph of blood

temperature of blood

shelf life and average vol. of blood

A
  • ticky , opaque fluid , metallic taste
  • 7.35 -7.45
  • 38 degrees
  • 21/35 days , 5-6l in males , 4-5 l females
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6
Q
  • special protein in RBC and what does it do
  • what is hematocrit
  • shelf life of RBC
  • life span of RBC
  • name of immature RBC
  • another name of RBC
A
  • haemoglobin , carries oxygen from lungs to body
  • percentage of blood volume
  • 42 days
  • 120 in peripheral blood
  • reticulocytes
  • erythrocytes
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7
Q

-structure of RBC ( 2 )

A
  • biconcave shapes

- no nucleus

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8
Q
  • another name for platelets
  • is platelets a cell ?
  • shelf life
  • lifespan
  • what does platelets do and how does it work ( 2 marks )
A
  • thrombocytes
  • no, its a fragment of the cytoplasm of the cell
  • 5 days
  • 8-9 days
  • 1) go the site of injury, stick to lining of injured blood vessels and form a platform
    2) formation of fibrin clot, covers wound and prevents blood from leaking
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9
Q
  • what is the liquid component of blood
  • what is its main function
  • shelf life
A
  • plasma
  • transport blood cells throughout body
  • 1 year
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10
Q
  • another word for WBC
  • most common type of WBC
  • whats diapedesis
A
  • leucocytes
  • neutrophils
  • the passage of blood cells thru capillaries walls
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11
Q
  • is neutrophil a granulocyte
  • function of neutrophil
  • what does it mean when neutrophil count is high
A
  • yes
  • phagocytosis
  • infection
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12
Q
  • is eosinophil a granulocytes
  • structure of eosinophil nucleus
  • function of eosinophil
  • what does it mean when eosinophil count is high
A
  • yes
  • bilobed nucleus
  • regulate immediate type hypersensitivity reactions
  • indicates an parasitic infection or allergic reaction
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13
Q

is basophil a granulocytes

  • function of basophil ( 4 function )
A
  • yes
  • produce heparin which prevent blood clotting too quickly
  • help out with certain inflammatory reactions
  • mediate immediate type hypersensitivity
  • controlling inflammatory responses by releasing heparin and protease
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14
Q

2 leucocytes that are agranular

A
  • monocyte

- lymphocytes

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15
Q

what is hematopoiesis

A

developments of blood cells

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16
Q

what is bone marrow composed of ( 2 things )

A

stromal cells and stem cells

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17
Q

are red marrow located is flat or long bones

are yellow marrow located in flat or long bones

A

flat

long

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18
Q

where is the site of haematopoiesis

10- 12 weeks (embryo)
12-19weeks ( active )
6 months ( active )

A
  • yolk sac
  • liver , spleen
  • bone marrow
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19
Q

in adults where are the major site of hematopoiesis

what is extramedullary haemopoiesis and why does it happen

A
  • sternum and iliac crest

- production at other sites other than bone marrow and it happens because lack of functioning rbcs and platelets

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20
Q

what is erythropoietin and what does it do

A

its a protein that prompts red blood cells production

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21
Q

what are the common hematology tests done

7 types

A

1) full blood count testing
2) white blood cells count
3) red blood cell count
4) platelet count
5) hematocrit red blood cell volume
6) haemoglobin testing
7) blood film

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22
Q

anisocytosis

A

variation in size

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23
Q

macrocyte

A

large red cell

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24
Q

microcyte

A

small red cell

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25
Q

hypochromic

A

pale looking rbcs

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26
Q

hyperchromic

A

very dark looking rbc

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27
Q

polychromasia

A

grayish blue reticulocytes which still contain rna fragments which arent present on erythrocytes

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28
Q

variation in size rbc

A

anisocytosis

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29
Q

large red cell

A

macrocytes

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30
Q

small red cell

A

microcytes

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31
Q

pale looking rbc

A

hypochromic

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32
Q

dark looking rbc

A

hyperchromic

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33
Q

grayish blue reticulocytes

A

polychromasia

34
Q

what are the disease associated with polychromasia

A

acute and chronic hemorrhage

hemolysis

35
Q

what is poikilocytosis

A

variations in shape of cell

36
Q

spherocytes

A

appear as spheres with no central area of pallor

37
Q

codocytes ( target cells )

A

dark red spot in the middle

38
Q

acanthocytes (spur cells )

A

spiked cell membrane

irregular thorny projections

39
Q

echinocytes (burr cells)

A

short
blunt
evenly spaced projections

40
Q

stomatocytes ( mouth cells )

A

cells possess a central slit

41
Q

degmacytes

A

semicircular portions removed from the cell margin

pac man

42
Q

drepanocytes

A

sickle cell

43
Q

dacrocytes

A

shaped like teardrops

44
Q

schistocytes

A

helmet shapes

45
Q

rouleaux

A

stacked coins

46
Q

elliptocytes

A

cigar shaped rbc

47
Q

what is the increased amount of neutrophils called

A

neutrophilia

48
Q

auer rods

A

form elongated needles

49
Q

what is anaemia

A

it is a condition that develops when blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells

50
Q

symptoms of anemia

A 
fatigue 
rapid heart  rate
shortness of breath 
 dizziness 
pale skin 
leg cramps 
insomnia
51
Q

what causes anemia

A

blood loss

faulty red blood cell production

destruction of RBC

52
Q

where does blood loss happens at for anemia

A

gastrointestinal condition like ulcers

usage of NSAIDS ( nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs )

menstruation

53
Q

conditions associated with decreased or faulty rbc production ( 5 points )

A

sickle cell anemia

iron deficiency anemia

vitamin deficiency

bone marrow and stem cell problems

other health condition

54
Q

which grp of ppl are at highest risk of iron deficiency anemia

A

women who menstruate

pregnant women

ppl undergo major surgeries

ppl with gastrointestinal disease

vegetarians

55
Q

symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

A

pale or yellow skin

fatigue

shortness of breathe

rapid heartbeat

headache

craving for ice

brittle nails / hair loss

56
Q

what is vacuolization

A

sign of active phagocytosis , bacteria infection

57
Q

what is toxic granulation

another word for it

A

is characterized by the presence of few to many prominent primary blue black granules

hype granulation

58
Q

hypogranulation

A

decrease in number or complete absence of specific primary granules

59
Q

hypersegmentation

A

6 nuclear lobes

60
Q

lymphocytosis

A

increase amount of lymphocytes

61
Q

basket cell or smudge cell

A

formed due to fragile cell that easily damaged when slide preparation occur

62
Q

hairy cell

A

just hairy

63
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia

A

common type of anemia when body does not have enough iron

64
Q

how is a iron deficiency anemia diagnosed (4 points )

A

complete blood count test (CBC)

blood in stool

abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract

urine for blood

blood slide smear

65
Q

what is leukemia

A

cancer of the blood or bone marrow

66
Q

symptoms for leukemia

A

night sweats

unintentional weight loss

bone pain

swollen lymph nodes

enlargements of the liver or spleen

red sports on the skin

bleed easily

fevers

infections

67
Q

what is acute leukemia

A

rapidly dividing and disease progresses quickly

68
Q

chronic leukemia

features of chronic leukemia cell

A

these cells have the features of both immature and mature cells

worsen alot slower compared to acute leukemia

69
Q

myelogenous or myeloid leukemia

A

leukemia developed with myeloid cell line

70
Q

lymphocytic leukemia

A

developed from the lymphoid cell line

71
Q

what is acute lymphocytic leukemia

will they cause swelling in the lymph nodes

A

primitive blood forming cells called lymphoblast reproduce without developing into normal blood cells

yes

72
Q
  • is acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) common in adults or children
  • what is AML
A

adults

it is the most common type of acute leukemia found in older adults and it is myeloblast reproduce without developing into normal RBC

73
Q

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

  • is it common in adults or children
  • does CLL patients get obvious symptoms ?
  • what is CLL
  • what will you notice in a blood smear
A
  • adults
  • no, they can feel well for years without needing treatment
  • it is when abnormla lymphocytes cant fight infection as well as normal cells
  • presence of smudge cells
74
Q

chronic myelogenous leukemia ( CML)

  • common in children or adults or older adults
  • does symptoms shows obviously ?
  • what are the abnormal cells in CML
A
  • older adults
  • patient may have little or no symptoms for months or year before the leukemia cells grow quickly
  • myeloid cells
75
Q

what are the test that can diagnosed leukemia (3 test )

A
  • complete blood count
  • tissue biopsies
  • biopsies of other organs
76
Q

treatment for leukemia( 5 )

A
  • chemotherapy
  • radiation
  • stem cell transplantation
  • biological or immune therapy
  • targeted therapy
77
Q

thalassemia

  • what is thalessemia
  • what is it caused by
A
  • it is an inherited blood disorder

- genetic mutation or deletion of certain key gene fragments

78
Q

the hemoglobin molecule is made of how many alpha and beta chain

A

2 a

2b

79
Q

what is alpha thalassemia

A

hemoglobin does not produce enuf alpha protein

80
Q

alpha thalassemia

  • one faulty gene \
    ( 1) symptoms 2) specific name of the faulty gene conditions, does it need blod transfusion?)
  • two faulty gene
    ( 1) symptoms 2) specific name of the faulty gene conditions, does it need blod transfusion?)
  • three faulty gene
    ( what type of chronic anemia, symptoms ( 3 points ), does it need blod transfusion?)
  • four faulty gene
    ( 1) specific name of the faulty gene conditions, what condition does this cause, does it need blod transfusion?)
A
  • no symptoms, alpha thalassemia minima, no it does not
  • mild anemia , alpha thalessemia minor, no it does not
  • hemoglobin H disease, overgrown cheeks, forehead, jar, extremely large spleen, jaundice , yes it does
  • alpha thalassemia major, hydrops fetalis( fluid in baby body ) , yes it does

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