Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
What is blood made of?
A
Red blood cells, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
2
Q
All blood cells originate from
A
Hematopoietic Stem cells with in the red bone marrow
3
Q
What are Erythrocytes
A
Red blood cells and make up 90 % of the cells in blood
4
Q
Do red blood cells have a nucleus?
A
No
5
Q
The lack of a nucleus creates space for the red blood cell’s key molecular composition:
A
Hemoglobin
6
Q
What Does Hemoglobin do?
A
It carries oxygen to tissues and remove waste
7
Q
Hemoglobin molecule’s life span is…
A
They do not survive indefinitely, as their life span is only 100-120 days
8
Q
Hematocrit is …
A
a component of a complete blood count
9
Q
A normal hematocrit for females is
A
37-47%
10
Q
A normal hematocrit for males is
A
42-52%
11
Q
A low hematocrit may indicate
A
Anemia, ulcers, or rapid blood loss
12
Q
An elevated hematocrit may indicate
A
Polycythemia which has a range of causes from low oxygen availability at altitude to bone marrow cancer.
13
Q
Antigens
A
The identification proteins on the surface of RBC’s; these antigens are like nametags that identify the blood type.
14
Q
Type A blood carries______ antigens
A
A-antigens
15
Q
Type B blood carries______ antigens
A
B-antigens
16
Q
Type AB blood carries ______ antigens
A
A&B-antigens
17
Q
Type O blood carries______ antigens
A
Carries neither A or B antigen
18
Q
Those with type AB blood are termed
A
Universal recipients. They carry A&B antigens
19
Q
Type AB blood can receive which type of blood
A
any blood type
20
Q
Those with type O blood are called
A
Universal donors - they can donate to any recipient, regardless of blood type
21
Q
Red blood cells may also carry another antigen called
A
Rh Factor
22
Q
When this is present, “ +” follows the blood type.
A
Rh Factor
23
Q
When Rh antigens are absent
A
“– “follows the blood type
24
Q
O- blood has no ________at all
A
antigens
25
Helps protect the body’s own red blood cells. The plasma developes this
Antibodies
26
Matching blood types is critical for transfusions to avoid
potentially lethal clotting reactions created by plasma antibodies that will attack foreign cells.
27
People with type AB are universal recipients because
They do not have any antibodies that will recognize type A or B surface molecules
28
10% of the blood cells are
Leukocytes and thrombocytes
29
Leukocytes are AKA
white blood cells (WBC)
30
Thrombocytes are AKA
Platelets
31
Serve the body’s hemostasis in vessel blood clotting
Platelets AKA Thrombocytes
32
Leukocytes are classified by their structure as
Granulocytes or agranulocytes
33
The granulocyte category of Leukocytes includes three cell types:
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
34
WBC's: Neutrophils
They respond with the elevation of a bacterial infection or inflammation.
35
WBC's: Eosinophils
They respond to parasitic infections.
36
WBC's: Basophils
They release histamine to respond to allergens or inflammation.
37
WBC's
| Agranulocytes come in two varieties
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
38
25-45% of WBC'S:
| The Agranulocyte Leukocyte: Lymphocytes
They reside in lymphatic tissue and come in T cell and B cell forms.
39
3-8% of WBC's
| The Agranulocyte Leukocyte, Monocytes
Some of these cells become macrophages which are responsible for cleaning up debris within the human body through a process called phagocytosis.
40
Plasma
The 55% of fluid in the blood
41
This consists of 92% water in the blood
Plasma
42
Plasma
7% is made of proteins such as hormones and enzymes which includes albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
The remaining 1% is comprised of electrolytes, gasses, vitamins, minerals, lipids, glucose, amino acids, and metabolic wastes.
43
WBC: Neutrophils are _____ % of overall WBC count
50-70% f the WBC count
44
WBC: Eosinophils are _____% of overall WBC count
2-4% f the WBC count
45
WBC: Basophils are _____ % of overall WBC count
1% of the WBC count
46
WBC: Lymphocytes comprise _____ % of the WBC count.
25-45% of the WBC count.
47
WBC's Monocytes comprise ______ % of the WBC count
3-8% of the WBC count
48
Blood cell functions: Erythrocyte carries
Carries Oxygen
49
Blood cell functions: Responds to infection
Neutrophil
50
Blood cell functions: Responds to parasitic infection
Eosinophils
51
Blood cell functions: Releases histamine
Basophils
52
Blood cell functions: Responsible for phagocytosis
Macrophage
53
Hematocrit is the percent of blood volume composed of _________.
RBC's
54
A low RBC may indicate
Anemia
55
Your hematocrit is 25. This indicates_________.
A hematocrit below normal. Normal range: 37-52% with gender variation.
56
Bacterial infection is elevated by _____________.
White blood cell count
57
Neutrophils are typically elevated in the presence of ____________.
A Bacterial infection
58
The WBC, Neutrophils are a type of _______________.
Granulocyte
59
WBC's are divided into 2 major classes based on their ___________.
Structure
60
Two classes of WBC's are _______________.
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
61
The WBC, Eosinophils are a type of _______________.
Granulocyte
62
The Macrophage is a type of ________________.
Agranulocyte
63
Primary Functions of Blood: DISTRIBUTION refers to ______________.
Blood’s transportation role. It carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, hormones, and cellular waste throughout the body.
64
Hematology refers to the study of
blood and it's function
65
The three primary functions that blood serves
distribution
regulation
protection
66
Primary Functions of Blood: REGULATION refers to ______________.
It helps maintain homeostasis. Blood helps maintain pH, fluid, and temperature
67
Primary Functions of Blood: PRITECTION refers to _______________.
The WBC protection against foreign cells and materials, as well as the platelets’ clotting response (called hemostasis) to prevent blood loss.
68
Primary Functions of Blood
| The 3-Step Hemostasis Process happens when ___________.
A blood vessel is injured
69
The first step, When a blood vessel is injured.
VASCULAR SPASM: the damaged blood vessel constricts; this is called vasoconstriction.
70
The second step, When a blood vessel is injured.
PLATELET PLUG FORMATION: Thrombocytes (also known as platelets) stick together to stop the bleed from within the injured vessel.
71
The third step, When a blood vessel is injured.
COAGULATION: fibrinogen proteins from the plasma are converted to fibrin as they act like glue on the platelet plug to seal the injured area.
72
The clotting process is dependent on ____________ Proteins
plasma proteins
73
Clotting Process:
| Plasma proteins are synthesized by __________ _____________ and ______________.
Liver, Vitamin K (potassium), and calcium.
74
Clotting Process:
| When a clot is no longer needed, the plasmin enzyme breaks the clot down in a process called ___________.
Fibrinolysis
75
A __________is an unwanted clot that forms without blood vessel damage.
Thrombus
76
This is more common in adults with elevated cholesterol and diseased blood vessel conditions.
A Thrombus
77
If a thrombus or part of a thrombus breaks loose to travel and lodge in another location away from its origin, it is called an ____________.
Embolism
78
Embolisms may cause conditions like ___________.
Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents).
79
Bleeding disorders that make clotting difficult.
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and impaired liver function.
80
The phase at which a solid scab is present indicates ___________.
Coagulation
81
When the scab falls off, this often indicates that _________ has occurred
Fibrinolysis
82
An abnormal clot that forms at a time when it is not needed to sop an injured vessel from bleeding is called a _____________.
Thrombus
83
The clotting process is called _________.
Homeostasis
84
While a wound is still fresh and bleeding, which part of the clotting process is occurring?
Vascular spasm
85
The three major types of blood cells are:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets,
86
Five major types of WBC's
```
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
```
87
____________ are like nametags that identify the blood type.
Antigens
88
Type 0 blood carries
neither A or B antigen
89
________ blood types are termed universal recipients, as they can receive any blood type.
AB blood
90
__________ are called universal donors, as they can donate for any blood type.
O blood
91
O- blood has ____ _______ at all.
no antigens
92
After birth, the blood plasma develops __________ that help protect the body’s own red blood
cells.
Antibodies
93
___________ ___________ ____________ is critical for transfusions to avoid potentially lethal clotting reactions created by plasma antibodies that will attack foreign cells.
Matching blood types
94
O- donors can provide blood to __________________
All blood types (O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+).
95
O+ donors can provide blood to ___________ ___________ ___________
Anyone with + Rh factor blood type (O+, A+, B+, AB+).
96
Rh - (Rh Negative) blood types cannot receive blood from ___________ _________ ____ _____________ ______________ ______________
anyone with a positive blood type (O+, A+, B+, AB+).
