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Human A&P 2 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Red blood cells, leukocytes and thrombocytes.

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2
Q

All blood cells originate from

A

Hematopoietic Stem cells with in the red bone marrow

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3
Q

What are Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells and make up 90 % of the cells in blood

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4
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus?

A

No

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5
Q

The lack of a nucleus creates space for the red blood cell’s key molecular composition:

A

Hemoglobin

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6
Q

What Does Hemoglobin do?

A

It carries oxygen to tissues and remove waste

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7
Q

Hemoglobin molecule’s life span is…

A

They do not survive indefinitely, as their life span is only 100-120 days

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8
Q

Hematocrit is …

A

a component of a complete blood count

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9
Q

A normal hematocrit for females is

A

37-47%

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10
Q

A normal hematocrit for males is

A

42-52%

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11
Q

A low hematocrit may indicate

A

Anemia, ulcers, or rapid blood loss

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12
Q

An elevated hematocrit may indicate

A

Polycythemia which has a range of causes from low oxygen availability at altitude to bone marrow cancer.

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13
Q

Antigens

A

The identification proteins on the surface of RBC’s; these antigens are like nametags that identify the blood type.

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14
Q

Type A blood carries______ antigens

A

A-antigens

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15
Q

Type B blood carries______ antigens

A

B-antigens

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16
Q

Type AB blood carries ______ antigens

A

A&B-antigens

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17
Q

Type O blood carries______ antigens

A

Carries neither A or B antigen

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18
Q

Those with type AB blood are termed

A

Universal recipients. They carry A&B antigens

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19
Q

Type AB blood can receive which type of blood

A

any blood type

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20
Q

Those with type O blood are called

A

Universal donors - they can donate to any recipient, regardless of blood type

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21
Q

Red blood cells may also carry another antigen called

A

Rh Factor

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22
Q

When this is present, “ +” follows the blood type.

A

Rh Factor

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23
Q

When Rh antigens are absent

A

“– “follows the blood type

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24
Q

O- blood has no ________at all

A

antigens

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25
Q

Helps protect the body’s own red blood cells. The plasma developes this

A

Antibodies

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26
Q

Matching blood types is critical for transfusions to avoid

A

potentially lethal clotting reactions created by plasma antibodies that will attack foreign cells.

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27
Q

People with type AB are universal recipients because

A

They do not have any antibodies that will recognize type A or B surface molecules

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28
Q

10% of the blood cells are

A

Leukocytes and thrombocytes

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29
Q

Leukocytes are AKA

A

white blood cells (WBC)

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30
Q

Thrombocytes are AKA

A

Platelets

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31
Q

Serve the body’s hemostasis in vessel blood clotting

A

Platelets AKA Thrombocytes

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32
Q

Leukocytes are classified by their structure as

A

Granulocytes or agranulocytes

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33
Q

The granulocyte category of Leukocytes includes three cell types:

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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34
Q

WBC’s: Neutrophils

A

They respond with the elevation of a bacterial infection or inflammation.

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35
Q

WBC’s: Eosinophils

A

They respond to parasitic infections.

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36
Q

WBC’s: Basophils

A

They release histamine to respond to allergens or inflammation.

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37
Q

WBC’s

Agranulocytes come in two varieties

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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38
Q

25-45% of WBC’S:

The Agranulocyte Leukocyte: Lymphocytes

A

They reside in lymphatic tissue and come in T cell and B cell forms.

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39
Q

3-8% of WBC’s

The Agranulocyte Leukocyte, Monocytes

A

Some of these cells become macrophages which are responsible for cleaning up debris within the human body through a process called phagocytosis.

40
Q

Plasma

A

The 55% of fluid in the blood

41
Q

This consists of 92% water in the blood

A

Plasma

42
Q

Plasma

A

7% is made of proteins such as hormones and enzymes which includes albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
The remaining 1% is comprised of electrolytes, gasses, vitamins, minerals, lipids, glucose, amino acids, and metabolic wastes.

43
Q

WBC: Neutrophils are _____ % of overall WBC count

A

50-70% f the WBC count

44
Q

WBC: Eosinophils are _____% of overall WBC count

A

2-4% f the WBC count

45
Q

WBC: Basophils are _____ % of overall WBC count

A

1% of the WBC count

46
Q

WBC: Lymphocytes comprise _____ % of the WBC count.

A

25-45% of the WBC count.

47
Q

WBC’s Monocytes comprise ______ % of the WBC count

A

3-8% of the WBC count

48
Q

Blood cell functions: Erythrocyte carries

A

Carries Oxygen

49
Q

Blood cell functions: Responds to infection

A

Neutrophil

50
Q

Blood cell functions: Responds to parasitic infection

A

Eosinophils

51
Q

Blood cell functions: Releases histamine

A

Basophils

52
Q

Blood cell functions: Responsible for phagocytosis

A

Macrophage

53
Q

Hematocrit is the percent of blood volume composed of _________.

A

RBC’s

54
Q

A low RBC may indicate

A

Anemia

55
Q

Your hematocrit is 25. This indicates_________.

A

A hematocrit below normal. Normal range: 37-52% with gender variation.

56
Q

Bacterial infection is elevated by _____________.

A

White blood cell count

57
Q

Neutrophils are typically elevated in the presence of ____________.

A

A Bacterial infection

58
Q

The WBC, Neutrophils are a type of _______________.

A

Granulocyte

59
Q

WBC’s are divided into 2 major classes based on their ___________.

A

Structure

60
Q

Two classes of WBC’s are _______________.

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

61
Q

The WBC, Eosinophils are a type of _______________.

A

Granulocyte

62
Q

The Macrophage is a type of ________________.

A

Agranulocyte

63
Q

Primary Functions of Blood: DISTRIBUTION refers to ______________.

A

Blood’s transportation role. It carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, hormones, and cellular waste throughout the body.

64
Q

Hematology refers to the study of

A

blood and it’s function

65
Q

The three primary functions that blood serves

A

distribution
regulation
protection

66
Q

Primary Functions of Blood: REGULATION refers to ______________.

A

It helps maintain homeostasis. Blood helps maintain pH, fluid, and temperature

67
Q

Primary Functions of Blood: PRITECTION refers to _______________.

A

The WBC protection against foreign cells and materials, as well as the platelets’ clotting response (called hemostasis) to prevent blood loss.

68
Q

Primary Functions of Blood

The 3-Step Hemostasis Process happens when ___________.

A

A blood vessel is injured

69
Q

The first step, When a blood vessel is injured.

A

VASCULAR SPASM: the damaged blood vessel constricts; this is called vasoconstriction.

70
Q

The second step, When a blood vessel is injured.

A

PLATELET PLUG FORMATION: Thrombocytes (also known as platelets) stick together to stop the bleed from within the injured vessel.

71
Q

The third step, When a blood vessel is injured.

A

COAGULATION: fibrinogen proteins from the plasma are converted to fibrin as they act like glue on the platelet plug to seal the injured area.

72
Q

The clotting process is dependent on ____________ Proteins

A

plasma proteins

73
Q

Clotting Process:

Plasma proteins are synthesized by __________ _____________ and ______________.

A

Liver, Vitamin K (potassium), and calcium.

74
Q

Clotting Process:

When a clot is no longer needed, the plasmin enzyme breaks the clot down in a process called ___________.

A

Fibrinolysis

75
Q

A __________is an unwanted clot that forms without blood vessel damage.

A

Thrombus

76
Q

This is more common in adults with elevated cholesterol and diseased blood vessel conditions.

A

A Thrombus

77
Q

If a thrombus or part of a thrombus breaks loose to travel and lodge in another location away from its origin, it is called an ____________.

A

Embolism

78
Q

Embolisms may cause conditions like ___________.

A

Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents).

79
Q

Bleeding disorders that make clotting difficult.

A

Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and impaired liver function.

80
Q

The phase at which a solid scab is present indicates ___________.

A

Coagulation

81
Q

When the scab falls off, this often indicates that _________ has occurred

A

Fibrinolysis

82
Q

An abnormal clot that forms at a time when it is not needed to sop an injured vessel from bleeding is called a _____________.

A

Thrombus

83
Q

The clotting process is called _________.

A

Homeostasis

84
Q

While a wound is still fresh and bleeding, which part of the clotting process is occurring?

A

Vascular spasm

85
Q

The three major types of blood cells are:

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets,

86
Q

Five major types of WBC’s

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
87
Q

____________ are like nametags that identify the blood type.

A

Antigens

88
Q

Type 0 blood carries

A

neither A or B antigen

89
Q

________ blood types are termed universal recipients, as they can receive any blood type.

A

AB blood

90
Q

__________ are called universal donors, as they can donate for any blood type.

A

O blood

91
Q

O- blood has ____ _______ at all.

A

no antigens

92
Q

After birth, the blood plasma develops __________ that help protect the body’s own red blood
cells.

A

Antibodies

93
Q

___________ ___________ ____________ is critical for transfusions to avoid potentially lethal clotting reactions created by plasma antibodies that will attack foreign cells.

A

Matching blood types

94
Q

O- donors can provide blood to __________________

A

All blood types (O-, O+, A-, A+, B-, B+, AB-, AB+).

95
Q

O+ donors can provide blood to ___________ ___________ ___________

A

Anyone with + Rh factor blood type (O+, A+, B+, AB+).

96
Q

Rh - (Rh Negative) blood types cannot receive blood from ___________ _________ ____ _____________ ______________ ______________

A

anyone with a positive blood type (O+, A+, B+, AB+).

Human A&P 2 (3 decks)

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