HEMATOLOGICAL Flashcards
HEMATOLOGIC: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
A—General Information:
– Chronic _______ anemia
– Seen almost exclusively in black individuals, and less frequently, Mediterranean populations
– Changes due to ABNORMAL hemoglobin which may cause “sickling” of RBC’s in an _______ state
– ______ individuals are most likely to develop
manifestations of the disease
hemolytic
hypoxic
HbS‐S
** The person has most or all of the normal hemoglobin (HbA) replaced with the sickle hemoglobin (HbS). This is referred to as HbSS. It is the most common and most severe form of the sickle cell variations.
HEMATOLOGIC: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
B–Clinical findings
– doesn’t manifest until after six months of age
– see weakness, pallor, jaundice
– abdominal crisis from _______ _________
– organomegaly
– ______-________= painful swelling of the
hands and feet from bone infarction or infection
– death usually occurs before age 30, from RENAL or
CARDIAC FAILURE, or widespread _________
bowel infarctions
hand‐foot syndrome
infection
HEMATOLOGIC: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
C—Bony changes are predominately due to
marrow hyperplasia, ischemia, necrosis
D--Imaging findings‐ AXIAL skel. – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ skull (spares sinuses) –\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_- \_\_\_\_\_ skull (uncommon) – FISH vertebrae – \_\_\_\_‐ vertebrae (Reynolds) – osteoporosis / osteosclerosis
granular
hair‐on‐end
“H”
HEMATOLOGIC: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
E--Imaging findings‐ Appendicular skeleton – osteonecrosis/infarctions – GROWTH disturbances – osteomyelitis (esp. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_&\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ) • may be BILATERAL • likes the diaphysis – osteoporosis – osteosclerosis – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deformity – undertubulation of bone
staph and salmonella
Erlenmeyer flask
HEMATOLOGIC: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
F--- Imaging findings‐ SOFT TISSUES – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (up to 65%) – bowel infarction – organoMEGALY – autosplenectomy (2° to infarction and fibrosis) – extramedullary hematopoiesis
gallstones
HEMATOLOGIC: —- β‐THALASSEMIA MAJOR
A—General information
– defect in _____ ______ production (alpha, beta)
– beta‐thalassemia major = most severe form
(extra ALPHA chains)
– likes individuals of Mediterranean decent, can
affect variety of populations
– changes primarily due to marrow HYPERplasia
– hypochromic, microcytic ANEMIA
B--Clinical findings – pallor, lethargy, retarded growth – organomegaly – rodent facies – repeated transfusions‐‐> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ‐‐> cardiac failure and death – rarely, see signs of cord compression from extramedullary hematopoiesis
globin chain
hemochromatosis
*****The signs and symptoms of thalassemia major appear within the first 2 years of life. Children develop life-threatening anemia. They do not gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive) and may develop yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice). Many people with thalassemia major have such severe symptoms that they need frequent blood transfusions to replenish their red blood cell supply. Over time, an influx of iron-containing hemoglobin from chronic blood transfusions can lead to a buildup of iron in the body, resulting in liver, heart, and hormone problems.
HEMATOLOGIC: —- β‐THALASSEMIA MAJOR
C---Imaging findings‐ AXIAL skeleton – \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_ skull – filled in sinuses with maxillary hypoplasia (\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_) – FISH vertebrae – “H”‐ vertebrae (uncommon) – osteoporosis
D---Imaging findings‐ APPENDICULAR skeleton – osteoporosis – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ trabeculae – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deformity – undertubulation of bone
hair‐on‐end
rodent facies
honeycomb
Erlenmeyer flask
HEMATOLOGIC: —- β‐THALASSEMIA MAJOR
E–Imaging findings‐ soft tissues
– ORGANOmegaly/___________
– extramedullary hematopoiesis (esp. from ribs, spine)
cardiomegaly
HEMATOLOGIC: ACUTE CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
A-- General information – m.c. malignant childhood disease – peak age =\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_ years – acute lymphocytic type m.c. – see JOINT PAIN, weakness, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – labs show ELEVATED ESR, very high or very low \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ***If certain proteins cover red cells, these will stick to each other and cause the red cells to fall more quickly. So, a high ESR indicates that you have some inflammation, somewhere in the body.
2–5
splenomegaly
WBC count
HEMATOLOGIC: ACUTE CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA
B--Imaging findings: – osteoporosis – LUCENT metaphyseal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – periostitis – lytic lesions – SPLENOmegaly – chloroma (rare)
bands
HEMATOLOGIC:ADULT LEUKEMIA (CHRONIC)
A– General information
– chronic _______ form most likely to show BONY
findings
– clinical findings similar to _________ form
B– Imaging findings
– changes similar to childhood form, although less
common due to greater amounts of ____ _______
lymphatic
childhood
fatty marrow
HEMATOLOGIC: HEMOPHILIA
A— General information
– hemophilia A = deficiency of clotting FACTOR ______
– hemophilia B (________ disease) = deficiency
of clotting factor___
– findings due to _____________ hemorrhage into
various tissues
B–Clinical
– spontaneous bleeding or bleeding from MINIMAL trauma
factor VIII
Christmas
IX
spontaneous
HEMATOLOGIC: HEMOPHILIA
C--- Imaging findings – early degenerative joint disease from REPEATED hemarthrosis – overgrowth of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ patella – widened \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
epiphyses
squared
intercondylar notch
HEMATOLOGIC: HEMOPHILIA
D---Imaging findings – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ slant – osteoporosis – \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ soft tissue density around joints (hemosiderin) – hemophilic pseudotumor (femur, ilium)
tibiotalar
increased
OSTEOCHONDROSES:
A– GENERAL INFORMATION
1 • There are a variety of terms that fall into this
category. This is a “_____ ______” term for irregularity of the GROWTH centers in ________
2 • Osteochondrosis‐ NON‐vascular etiology,
EPIphyseal only.
3 –Osteonecrosis, ischemic necrosis, avascular necrosis‐ vascular etiology, can occur in adults as well
– causes include spontaneous (m.c.), trauma,______, cortico‐steroids, hemoglobinopathies, ____ , Cushing’s, and
radiation
4 • INFARCTION‐ non‐epiphyseal vascular etiology
garbage can
CHILDREN
alcoholism
SLE
