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Clinical Microscopy > Hematologic Exams > Flashcards

Hematologic Exams Flashcards

1
Q

The blood is __% of body weight

A

6-8

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2
Q

What is found in the buffy coat?

A

WBC and platelets

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3
Q

Plasma is considered as liquid part of blood partly because it contains

A

> 90% water and a dilute solution of salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, proteins and fats

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4
Q

What are the other components of plasma?

A 
dissolved solids  (i.e.,  albumin  and  antibodies, lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, amino  acids, and  electrolytes) 
It also has blood coagulation proteins
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5
Q

How numerous are red blood cells exactly?

A

1 µL of blood = 5 million RBCs

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6
Q

Why is arterial blood bright red and venous blood dark red?

A

Arterial blood- oxyhemoglobin

Venous blood- deoxyhemoglobin

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7
Q

How least numerous are wbcs?

A

1 µL of blood = ~5,000-10,000 WBCs or 5.0x109 per L of blood

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8
Q

What are the unique functions of wbcs?

A

Neutrophils- bacterial infxn
Eosinophils – allergic reactions and parasitic infection
Basophils – histamine, inflammatory response
Lymphocytes – viral infections
Monocytes – antigen presenting, phagocytic

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9
Q

How many platelets are there in 1 microliter of blood?

A

300,000

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10
Q

Platelets are important in several stages of ________

A

Hemostasis (blood clotting)

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11
Q

What are the common diseases diagnosed by hematologic tests?

A

anemia, leukemia, and inherited blood disorders (e.g., hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, etc.)

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12
Q

T or F: hemostasis studies such as coagulation tests and fibrinolysis are classified as qualitative tests

A

False (?) nakalagay siya sa others

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13
Q

Routine hematology tests may be performed using:

A

Automatic Hematology analyzers

Manual techniques: counting

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14
Q

What are the usual specimens used for testing?

A 
Capillary blood (good for blood smears, cannot be repeated unless collected again)
Venous blood (when large sample is reqd; usually collected in tubes)
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15
Q

Why is the hemoglobin test one of the most common tests performed?

A
  • precise
  • simple to perform
  • easily standardized
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16
Q

The hemoglobin test is also an indirect evaluation of ______

A

Oxygen carrying capacity of blood

*Important in detecting blood loss and anemia as well as in monitoring treatment of certain RBC disorders

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17
Q

T or F: hemoglobin tests use capillary blood onlu

A

False, both c and v part of cbc

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18
Q

Methods involved in hemoglobin tests

A

Specific gravity
Cyanmethemoglobin (most recommended)
Azide methemoglobin
Acid hematin (for office practice and laboratory class; Blood is usually mixed with diluted hydrochloric acid then compared with a standard and color comparators to measure hemoglobin)

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19
Q

The acid hematin method uses the sahli dilution tube which involves

A

Main parts: graduated glass tube, color comparators, glass stirrer, and Sahli’s pipette to measure 20 µl of blood

  • Tubes commonly used are square with graduations in percent on one side and grams/100 ml on the other
  • Color comparators are made of brown colored glass and some better instruments have glass prisms
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20
Q

What are the hemoglobin reference ranges for NEWBORNS?

A

Newborn 16-23 g/dL X10 160-230 g/L (SI units)

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21
Q

What are the hemoglobin reference ranges for ADULT MALES?

A

Adult Males 13-17 g/dL X10 130-170 g/L

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22
Q

What are the hemoglobin reference ranges for CHILDREN?

A

Children 10-14 g/dL X10 100-140 g/L

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23
Q

What are the hemoglobin reference ranges for ADULT FEMALES?

A

Adult Females 12-16 g/dL X10 120-160 g/L

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24
Q

Given a hemoglobin value of 23 g/L, what is the estimated hematocrit?

A

89 g/L

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25
Q

What does a high hemoglobin test indicate?

A

Increased red cell production to compensate chronically low oxygen levels in the blood due to lung disease or living at high altitudes ® May be due to dehydration, smoking, and bone marrow disorders

26
Q

If a patient has low hemoglobin, what are the possible reasons why this is so?

A

anemia due to pregnancy, blood loss, liver damage, iron deficiency, etc.

27
Q

What are the general physical factors affecting hemoglobin levels?

A

Diet (iron deficiency affects rbc production)
Lifestyle (active = higher hemoglobin)
Altitude of residence (reduced oxygen pressure/thin air = increased rbc prod= higher hgb)

28
Q

Hematocrit is defined as

A

Amount of space taken up by rbcs in the blood

29
Q

In what situations is hematocrit determination useful?

A

Useful in the diagnosis of anemia and polycythemia,
screening potential blood donors,
evaluation of anemia therapies and in
estimating blood loss after hemorrhage or trauma

30
Q

Methods involved in hematocrit determination

A
  1. Manual Wintrobe Macromethod (volume of rbc is read directly on tube)
  2. Manual Micromethod
  3. Automated Method
31
Q

What are the normal hematocrit values seen in wintrobe method?

A

Women: 37-47%
Men: 42-52%

32
Q

What would a depressed hematocrit indicate? Elevated hematocrit?

A

Low: Anemia or bleeding; increased: polycythemia, pregnancy, dehydration, living in high altitudes, low availability of oxygen

(See hematocrit ref ranges in trans!!)

33
Q

Hematocrit determination which is speedy, accurate, reproducible, uses microcapillary tube

A

Microhematocrit method

34
Q

Disadvantages of microhematocrit method

A

• Buffy coat-red cell interface is not always clear-cut
® Minor reading error may occur
® Less reliable and less accurate for determining blood indices

35
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of normal blood samples centrifuges in microhematocrit tube?

A

Transparent pale yellow plasma and narrow whitish tan layer above red cell layer for buffy coat

36
Q

A very pale yellow plasma in microhematocrit would indicate?

A

Elevated bilirubin levels

37
Q

An opaque plasma in microhematocrit method would mean?

A

High triglyceride levels

38
Q

A prominent buffy coat in microhematocrit method would indicate?

A

Elevated WBC

39
Q

A complete blood count is also known as __________

A

Full blood count or hematology profile blood test

*performed using hematology analyzers or hematology cell counters

40
Q

What are the advantages of examining blood components in cbc?

A 
Provides  vital  information  on  the  
type,  
number,  and 
appearance  of  cells  in  the  blood,  
especially  RBCs,  WBCs,  and platelets
41
Q

What are the tests included in cbc?

A 
® RBC  count 
® WBC count 
® Hemoglobin 
® Hematocrit 
® RBC  indices 
® WBC differential  count 
® Platelet  count  or  platelet  estimate 
® Evaluation  of  blood  cell  morphology
42
Q

Fill in the blanks of method of cbc:
The blood is drawn using a _____________ and mixed with the appropriate diluent before it is transferred to the ___________

A

The blood is drawn using a specialized pipette and mixed with the appropriate diluent (for ease of counting) before it is transferred to the hemocytometer

(See differences in pipettes)

43
Q

Degree of dilution and type of diluting fluid used for RBC

A

Usually diluted 1:200

Diluting fluid must be isotonic to protect the delicate RBCs from hemolysis

44
Q

Degree of dilution and type of diluting fluid used for WBC

A

ammonium oxalate (to lyse RBCs; usually contains dye to make the nuclei prominent and for ease in counting), Diluted 1:100 using LeukoChek system or 1:20 for LeukoTIC system

45
Q

Degree of dilution and type of diluting fluid used for platelets

A

Ammonium oxalate, 1:100

46
Q

The hemocytometer contains the blood counting chamber which is used to count

A

Number of cells in csf or other body fluids
Bacteria

(See hemocytometer reading oi!)

47
Q

How many squares does the hemocytometer have?

A

nine equally-sized large squares

48
Q

Size of each square and ruled area

A

® Each square is 1mm wide x 1 mm long ® Entire ruled area is 9 mm2 or 3 mm wide x 3 mm long

49
Q

In the hemocytometer, the RBCs are counted where? How bout WBCs?

A

® The RBCs: large center square comprised of 25 smaller squares
® The WBCs:4 large corner squares comprised of 16 smaller squares

50
Q

Manner of counting in hemocytometer

A

The cells are counted from left to right and then from top to bottom in an “inverted L” pattern in each square (avoids double counting)

51
Q

It is a commonly used method and is a usual component of CBC and aids physician in diagnosis and treatment of many diseases

A

RBC Count (see procedure and formulae for counting rbcs)

52
Q

Normal values for erythrocyte count of females

A

Female 4.0 – 5.5 x 10^6 RBCs/mm3 or 4.0 – 5.5 x 10^12 RBCs/L

53
Q

Normal erythrocyte count for males

A

Male 4.5 – 6.0 x 10^6 RBCs/mm3 or 4.5 – 6.0 x 10^12 RBCs/L or

54
Q

Increased rbc counts may be due to

A

Erythrocytosis due to polycythemia vera or living at high altitude

55
Q

Probable causes of decreased rbc count

A 
< Iron Deficiency Anemia 
< Folic Acid Deficiency             
< Sickle Cell Anemia 
< Acute or chronic blood loss             
< B12 Deficiency
56
Q

round, slightly iridescent structures with definite outline and well-defined nuclear structures

A

Leukocytes (see procedure, formulae and reference ranges for wbc count)

57
Q

Probable causes of leukocytosis or increase in wbc count

A

§ Pathogenic: infection, leukemia, polycythemia

§ Physiological: exercises, exposure to sunlight, obstetric labor stress, anesthesia

58
Q

Probable causes of leukopenia/leukocytopenia or decrease in wbc count

A

§ Viral infections (e.g., HIV), ionizing radiation, certain chemicals, chemotherapy drugs

59
Q

• Characteristics of individual red cells and aids in the diagnosis of anemia (determining type of anemia and in therapy depending on calculated values)

A

Red cell indices

60
Q

((RED BLOOD CELL INDICES))

Volume of the average red cell in a given sample of blood expressed in femtoliters (fl) or cubic microns (μm3)

A

Mean corpuscular volume (see trans for formula)

Normal value : MCV 80-100 fl or μm3
• Note that MCV is approximately 3 times that of MCH

61
Q

((RED BLOOD CELL INDICES))
Amount of hemoglobin by weight in the average cell of a blood sample. It is directly proportional to the amount of hemoglobin and red cell size and expressed in picograms (pg) or micrograms (μg)

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (see trans for formula)

Normal value: MCH 27-32 pg or μg

62
Q

Concentration of hemoglobin in the RBCs relative to their size. It may indicate whether the cells are normochromic or hypochromic. It is expressed in g/L or %g/dL

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Normal value: MCHC 33.0-38.0% or g/dL

Clinical Microscopy (10 decks)

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