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Paramedic > Hematologic Emergencies > Flashcards

Hematologic Emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

Hematology

A

The study of blood

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2
Q

Hematopoietic System

A

Organs and tissues involved in the production of blood components (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

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3
Q

Hematologic disorder

A

Any disorder of the blood

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4
Q

Hemolytic disorder

A

Disease process that cause the breakdown of RBC

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5
Q

Hemostatic disorder

A

Bleeding and clotting abnormalities

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6
Q

Blood and plasma

A

Blood is a connective tissue.
Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.
Blood accounts for 8% of total body weight of approx. 5-6 L.
Blood consist of two main components: plasma and formed elements
-plasma is 92% water and the remaining 8% is made up of proteins, electrolytes, clotting factors and glucose.
-plasma accounts for 55% of the total blood volume and the formed elements account for the remaining 45%.

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7
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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8
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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9
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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10
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • Cells that develop into other types of cells in the body, this production is stimulated by erythropoietin that is secreted by the kidneys in response to a circulatory need.
  • RBC take 5 days to mature and have a lifespan of 120 days.
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11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Carries oxygen to the tissues

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12
Q

Bohr Effect

A

When oxygen rich RBC encounter the environment that contains higher concentrations of carbon dioxide they release oxygen there

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13
Q

Hematocrit

A

Gives the overall proportion of RBC in the blood

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14
Q

Neutropenia

A

Abnormally low number of neutrophils which make up the majority of circulating WBC.

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15
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

Secretion of antibodies called immunoglobulins, which recognize and specific antigen.

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16
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Macrophages and T-cells attack and destroy pathogens or foreign substances

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17
Q

Platelets

A

Platelets are responsible for the clotting of blood

-Approximately 2/3 of platelets are circulating in the blood the rest are stored in the spleen.

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18
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Body produces too many platelets

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19
Q

Thrombosis

A

Clotting or coagulation of blood inside of blood vessel

20
Q

Hemostasis

A
  • Complex process that allows the body to stop bleeding through vascular spasm, coagulation, and platelet plugging.
  • The opposite of hemostasis is hemorrhage.
  • Clots are made of fibrin, when injury is detected thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and the clotting process begins.
21
Q

Clotting Cascade

A

Process by which clotting factors work together to ultimately form fibrin, also called the coagulation cascade, can be initiated through either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways.

22
Q

Coagulopathy

A

Any process that interferes with the activation or continuation of the clotting cascade or hemostasis.

23
Q

Von Williebrand Disease

A

The bloods ability to clot is decrease bc of the absence of vin williebrand factor that is necessary for platelet adhesion.

24
Q

Blood forming organs and RBC production

A
  • Major players are bone marrow, liver and spleen.
  • Bone marrow is primary site for cell production.
  • Liver produces clotting factor found in the blood
  • Liver filters the blood, removes toxins, and essential to normal metabolism and homeostasis.
  • Old RBC are broken down into bile in the liver, liver also stores blood.
25
Q

Spleen

A

Involved in the filtering and breakdown of RBC, assist with the production of lymphocytes, and has a role in providing homeostasis and infection control
-Stores about 1/3 of platelets.

26
Q

Sickle cell Disease

A

Disease that causes RBC to be misshapen, resulting in poor oxygen carrying capability and potentially resulting in lodging of the RBC in a blood vessel or the spleen

27
Q

Hemophillia

A

Bleeding disorder that is primarily hereditary, in which clotting does not occur or occurs insufficiently

28
Q

Sickle cell crisis

A

Condition in which a patient with sickle cell disease experiences a significant pain due to insufficient passage of oxygen and nutrients into tissues and joints because of vessel congestion.

29
Q

Polycythemia

A

Overproduction of RBC, WBC and platelets.

30
Q

Aplastic Crisis

Hemolytic Crisis

A

(Sickle cell disease) The body temporarily stops making RBC, causing the patient to become easily tired, anemic, pale, and short of breath.

Hemolytic crisis occurs when RBC destruction causes jaundice.

31
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in the total number of WBC

32
Q

Vasoocclusive Crisis

A

Blood flow to an organ becomes restricted, causing pain, ischemia, and often organ damage.
-circulation to the spleen becomes obstructed as a result of this organs narrow vessels and function if removing damaged RBC. Spleen will swell and rupture.

33
Q

Splenic sequestration crisis

A

Caused by sickle cells within the spleen blocking blood from leaving the spleen, which results in painful, acute enlargement if the spleen and hard and bloated abdomen.

34
Q

Acute Splenic sequestration syndrome

A

LiFe threatening complication. RBC become trapped in the spleen causing a dramatic decline in the amount of hemoglobin available in the circulation. (Usually occurs in infants and toddlers)

35
Q

Anemia

A

Hemoglobin or RBC levels that is lower than normal.
- Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, causes include GI blood loss, menstrual bleeding, frequent donations or diagnostic test, low birth weight or premie.

36
Q

Thalassemia

A

Type of anemia in which either not enough hemoglobin is produced or the hemoglobin is defective

37
Q

Leukopenia

A

Reduction in WBC

-often lead to fever and infection

38
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Reduction in platelets

-cutaneous bleeding (including petechiae) and bleeding from mucous membranes (nose bleed, rectal bleeding)

39
Q

Leukemia

A

-Disease that develops in the lymphoid system.
- Cancer, WBC develop abnormally or excessively.
-Can cause anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis.
-Acute, bone marrow is replaced with abnormal lymphoblast
Chronic, abnormal mature lymphoid cells accumulate in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and peripheral blood. (Found during routine blood test)

40
Q

Lymphoblast

A

Lymphocytes that have been transformed because the stimulation by an antigen

41
Q

Lymphomas

A

Group of malignant diseases that arise within the lymphoid system.
-two categories, non Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin- can occur at any age in any person and can be hereditary, categorized by progression of disease: indolent (very slow), aggressive, or highly aggressive.
Hodgkin- painless, progressive enlargement of the lymphoid glands, most commonly affecting the spleen and lymph nodes.
-first peak ages 10-35 and later in life.
-may not show symptoms for years, night sweat, chills, persistent cough, swelling of lymph nodes (neck).

42
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

May result from any life threatening condition, massive injury, hypotension due to trauma, sepsis, OB complication.

  • Free thrombin and fibrin deposits in the blood increase, and platelets begin to aggregate. Breakdown of fibrin clots, occurs leading to excessive bleeding, massive blood loss, or tissue injury. Second uncontrolled hemorrhage results from severe reduction in clotting factors.
  • High mortality rate 60-65%
43
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

The number of plasma cells (B cells that form antibodies) in the bone marrow increases abnormally, leading to formation of tumors in the bone.

44
Q

Transfusion reactions

A

-occur in 0.2%-10% of transfusions.

Permissible blood types
—————————————
A+ > A-, O+, O-
A- > O-
AB+ > All (universal recipient)
AB- > A-, B-, O-
B+> B-, O+, O-
B- > O-
O+> O-
(Universal donor) O-> None
45
Q

Transfusion related lung injury

A

Non-cariogenic pulmonary edema caused by increased capillary permeability post transfusion.

Paramedic (2 decks)

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