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Adult Health 2 > Hematologic Disorders > Flashcards

Hematologic Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is anemia?

A

a condition that develops when the blood lacks enough healthy blood cells resulting in a lack of hemoglobin

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2
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

binds oxygen to blood cells

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3
Q

Normal Female Hemoglobin level

A

12-16 g/dL

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4
Q

Normal Male Hemoglobin level

A

14-18 g/dL

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5
Q

Hypoproliferative Anemia is caused by what?

A
  • pernicious/vitamin B12 deficiency
  • folate deficiency
  • iron deficiency
  • aplastic
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6
Q

Which two types of anemia are chronic?

A

Hypoproliferative or Blood loss

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7
Q

Blood loss anemia can also be what?

A

acute

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8
Q

Blood Loss Anemia

A

losing RBC’s faster than the body can produce them

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9
Q

Hypoproliferative Anemia

A

bone marrow does not produce enough RBC’s

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10
Q

Hemolysis Anemia is caused by what?

A
  • autoimmune disease
  • thalassemia
  • sickle cell
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11
Q

S/S of Anemia

A
  • weak/tired
  • SOB
  • increased risk for infection
  • cold hands/feet
  • pallor
  • pica
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12
Q

Vitamin B12 deficiency results from what?

A
  • inadequate dietary intake
  • malabsorption in GI tract secondary to disease state/surgery
  • lack of protein that binds B12
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13
Q

S/S of Vitamin B12 Deficiency

A
  • fatigue/weakness
  • jaundice
  • sore red tongue
  • neurological symptoms: secondary neuropathy, delusions
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14
Q

Treatment for B12 Deficiency

A
  • increase dietary intake
  • B12 injection/nasal spray
  • B12 supplements
  • folic acid supplements
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15
Q

Folate Deficiency results from what?

A
  • deficient dietary intake; especially raw vegetables
  • alcoholism
  • pregnancy
  • small bowel disease (Celiac’s)
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16
Q

S/S of Folate Deficiency

A
  • fatigue/weakness
  • mood changes
  • lacks neuro symptoms
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17
Q

Treatment of Folate Deficiency

A
  • increase dietary intake

- folic acid supplements

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18
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia

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19
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia results from what?

A
  • insufficient dietary intake
  • blood loss
  • pregnancy/child birth
  • alcoholism
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20
Q

What is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

A

blood loss

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21
Q

S/S of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • extreme fatigue/weakness
  • pallor
  • tachycardia
  • dyspnea
  • pica
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22
Q

Treatment for IDA

A
  • take oral iron
  • increase dietary intake
  • vitamin C increases iron absorption
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23
Q

How should oral iron be taken?

A

on an empty stomach or with orange juice

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24
Q

Side effects of taking iron are?

A
  • black stools
  • abdominal pain
  • diarrhea
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25
Q

How should you give an Iron/B12 injections?

A

Z track method

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26
Q

Most common Hematologic Diseases

A
  • autoimmune diseases: Rheumatoid Arth. & Lupus
  • inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis)
  • chronic infections (HIV, AIDS)
  • chronic kidney disease
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27
Q

Manifestations of Hematologic Dx

A
  • mild-moderate
  • progress slowly
  • stabilize quickly
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28
Q

Acute Blood Loss

A

associated w/ acute GI bleed, trauma, or surgery

menstrual cycles

29
Q

Chronic Blood Loss

A

Chronic GI bleed

30
Q

S/S of Blood Loss

A

-hemoglobin may be normal at first but levels will decrease as blood loss continues

31
Q

Acute Blood Loss S/S

A
  • hypotension
  • dizziness
  • tachycardia
  • tachypnea
32
Q

Chronic Blood Loss S/S

A
  • fatigue
  • pallor
  • dyspnea
33
Q

Treatment for Blood Loss

A
  • blood transfusion

- alternative treatments for religious purposes

34
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

inherited disorder that causes RBC’s to become misshapen and breakdown

  • become rigid and sticky
  • obstruct vessels, limiting O2 to parts of body
35
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia is most commonly seen in who?

A

African Americans

Hispanics

36
Q

S/S of Sickle Cell

A
  • sudden severe episodes of pain
  • swelling of hands and feet
  • frequent infections
  • vision problems
37
Q

Complications of Sickle Cell

A
  • stroke
  • blindness
  • priapism
38
Q

Goals of Treatment for Sickle Cell

A
  • avoid crisis
  • relieve symptoms
  • prevent complications
39
Q

Treatment for Sickle Cell

A
  • hydroxyurea
  • vaccinations
  • antibiotics
  • pain meds
  • blood transfusions
  • daily folic acid
40
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

anticancer drug that will stimulate the production of fetal hemoglobin
-helps reduce # of crisis’s

41
Q

What to do to help w/ fatigue?

A
  • frequent short periods of exercise
  • frequent rest periods
  • prioritize activities by importance and necessity
42
Q

What to do for imbalanced nutrition?

A
  • balanced healthy diet
  • alcohol limitation/cessation
  • individualized dietary plan
  • dietary supplements
43
Q

How to manage perfusion of sickle cell?

A
  • supplemental O2
  • IV fluids
  • blood transfusion
  • monitor BP and hold antihypertensive when needed
44
Q

Normal Platelet Level

A

150,000-400,000

45
Q

Thrombocytopenia means what?

A

low platelet level

46
Q

Thrombocytopenia is a result of what?

A
  • decreased production of platelets
  • increased destruction of platelets
  • increased consumption
47
Q

What are some causes of Thrombocytopenia?

A
  • malignancy
  • infection
  • medication
  • autoimmune
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation
48
Q

For thrombocytopenia caused by infection you need to what?

A

treat underlying cause

49
Q

Immune thrombocytopenia Purpura is most commonly found in who?

A

Children and young women

50
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP)

A
  • body produces antibodies against own platelets
  • antibodies attach to platelets
  • body destroys the platelets that carry its own platelets
51
Q

S/S of ITP

A
  • platelet count as low as 5000
  • easy or excessive bruising
  • petechia
  • bleeding from gum or nose
  • hematuria/Melena
  • unusually heavy menstrual flow
52
Q

1st Line Treatment for ITP w/ < 30,000 platelets or severe bleeding

A

-begin oral prednisone

ITP is the result of an abnormally acting immune system and so the steroid will suppress the immune system

53
Q

1st Line Treat for ITP w/ < 5000 platelets or internal bleeding

A
  • pulse corticosteroids

- IV immunoglobin

54
Q

Pulse Corticosteroids are given how?

A

in large doses in intermittent infusions

55
Q

IV Immunoglobin

A

overwhelms the spleen w/ antibody so that it cannot recognize the antibody coated platelets

56
Q

2nd Line Treatment for ITP

A
  • splenectomy

- rituximab

57
Q

After a splenectomy the patient is at risk for what?

A
  • infection

- death related to sepsis

58
Q

If fever occurs after splenectomy you should what?

A

immediately administer antibiotics

59
Q

Prior to splenectomy surgery you should?

A

receive all vaccinations

60
Q

Education after Splenectomy

A
  • call provider at first sign of sickness
  • temp > 100.5
  • sore throat
  • cough/cold lasts longer than normal
  • chills that don’t go away
  • malaise
61
Q

Platelet Dysfunction

A

platelet numbers are WNL but function is altered

62
Q

Medications that prevent platelets from clumping and forming clots are?

A
  • Aspirin (lasts 7-10 days)
  • NSAIDS (lasts 5-7 days)
  • Plavix (lasts 2-3 days)
63
Q

Von Willebrand Disease “Free Bleeder”

A

genetic disorder caused by missing or defective von Willebrand factor, a clotting protein

64
Q

What does VWF do?

A

Binds w/ factor VIII, a key clotting protein, and platelets in blood vessel walls which help form a platelet plug during the clotting process at the site of vascular injury

65
Q

Type I VWD

A

symptoms are mild

66
Q

Type II VWD

A

symptoms are mild to moderate

67
Q

Type III VWD

A

symptoms are severe

spontaneous bleeding often occurs w/in joints and muscles

68
Q

S/S of VWD

A
  • severe bleeding following dental procedures, surgeries, child birth
  • unusually heavy menses
  • large bruises that easily appear
  • nosebleeds
69
Q

Desmopressin for Treatment of VWD

A
  • injection/nasal spray
  • stimulate release of stored VWF
  • contraindicated w/ CAD (may cause MI)
  • may cause hyponatremia from fluid retention

Adult Health 2 (5 decks)

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