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NURS 428: Evolution > Hematologic and Immune systems > Flashcards

Hematologic and Immune systems Flashcards

Exam 4 (Final)

1
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection:

What is it ?

A

Impaired cellular immunity is a consequence of AIDS.

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2
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection:

What is AIDS caused by?

A

AIDS is caused by HIV.

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3
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection:

What is it defined as?

A

Now defined as a chronic illness

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4
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Epidemiology: How many people with 1.2 million? How many people are living with it unaware? What pop is it higher in?

A

CDC estimated more than 1.2 million people with AIDS.

1 in 7 living with HIV but unaware

Higher in African Americans/Blacks

Higher in men who have sex with men

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5
Q

Stages of HIV Infection

A

Stage 1: CD4 T-cells count > 500 mcL

Stage 2: CD4: 200-499

Stage 3: AIDS with CD4 < 200 mcL

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6
Q

Stages of HIV Infection

What is management?

A

Control of opportunistic infection

Antiretroviral therapy

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7
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Pathogenesis:

A

CD4 binding site

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8
Q

Anemias:

Broad anemia groups:

A

Blood loss anemia

Hemolytic anemias

Deficiency anemias

Chronic anemia

Aplastic anemia

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9
Q

Anemias:

Hemolytic anemias include

A

Congenital hemolytic anemia

Acquired hemolytic anemia

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10
Q

Anemias:

Deficiency anemias include:

A

Iron deficiency anemia

Megaloblastic anemias

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11
Q

Anemias:

Aplastic anemias: what to know?

A

bone marrow is generating new cells.. 70% mortality rate w/i one year if not treated w blood transfusions

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12
Q

Anemias Assessment:

What should you assess for?

A

Assess for blood loss.

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13
Q

Anemias Assessment:

What mind problems to assess?

A

Weakness, depressed mood, impaired cognitive function, and easy fatigability

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14
Q

Anemias Assessment:

What body problems to assess?

A

At risk for impaired tissue oxygenation, impaired organ function, impaired susceptibility to thrombocytopenic bleeding, increased risk of postoperative mortality, increased probability of transfusion, and decreased survival

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15
Q

Anemias:

Physical Examination and management

A

Pallor, tachycardia, hypotension

Splenomegaly, jaundice, and dark urine

Intake and output

Stool guaiac test

Low serum iron

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16
Q

Stool guiac test:

A

detects hidden blood in stool samples.

bluish color says there is blood

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17
Q

Anemias: Physical Examination and management

Management: What two things to do?

A

Parenteral iron sulfate

Blood transfusion

18
Q

Anemias:

Physical Examination and management:
Blood transfusion: When is this done?

A

When risks of decreased oxygen-carrying capacity outweigh the risks of transfusion

19
Q

Nursing Care of the Patient With Anemia:

What are you assessing for?

A

Assess for adverse effects of replacement therapy.

Assess signs and symptoms indicative of decreased perfusion.

20
Q

Nursing Care of the Patient With Anemia:

What should you identify?

A

Identify the correct patient and ensure ABO compatibility.

21
Q

Nursing Care of the Patient With Anemia:

What should you decrease?

A

Decrease metabolic needs and reduce oxygen demand.

22
Q

Nursing Care of the Patient With Anemia:

What kind of strategies should you implement?

A

Implement strategies to reduce phlebotomy blood loss.

23
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

What are they?

A

Platelet disorders

24
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Platelet disorders
Types of thrombocytopenia- What are they?

A

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

25
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:

What are you assessing for (symptom-association)

A

Assessment of symptoms associated with any of the risk factors or associated disorders

26
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:

What are you assessing for (symptoms)

A

Fatigue, fever, weight loss, or night sweats

27
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:

What history are you collecting?

A

Accurate medication and alcohol history

28
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:
Management: When should you hold drugs? What drugs to avoid?

A

Hold any drugs that may induce thrombocytopenia such as anticonvulsants, penicillin.

Avoid aspirin, antiplatelet agents, and NSAIDs.

29
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:
Management: What else should you avoid?

A

Avoid trauma.

30
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:
Management: What kind of transfusions should you get?

A

Platelet transfusions

31
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Assessment and Management:
Management: What should you do daily?

A

Daily labs

32
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

What is it?

A

Imbalance between the natural procoagulant and anticoagulant systems

33
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

What occurs in this

A

Unregulated thrombin activity, microvasculature thrombi, platelet consumption, and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

34
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Etiology: What kind of complication is it?

A

DIC is a secondary complication.

35
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Etiology: What is extrinsic pathway activated by?

A

Extrinsic pathway is activated by damage to the endothelial lining of blood vessels.

36
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Etiology: What is intrinsic pathway activated by?

A

Intrinsic pathway is activated when subendothelial tissue is exposed to the bloodstream and circulating factor XII comes in contact with the exposed tissue.

37
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Assessment
Clinical presentation

A

Systemic ischemia from the thrombi formation

Minor or major hemorrhage

38
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Assessment: What do you collect?

A

Complete history

39
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Assessment: How is presentation?

A

Acute or chronic presentation

Low-grade bleeding

Bleeding from the nose, gums, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, surgical sites, injection sites, and intravascular access sites; hematuria; petechial rashes; and purpura fulminans

40
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:

Assessment: How is presentation?

A

Unexpected thrombotic events

Signs and symptoms of inappropriate clotting

Demarcation cyanosis

41
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis:

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation:
Management:

What to eliminate? What to treat sepsis? What kind of therapy? What else?

A

Eliminate the causative agent.

Antibiotic or antifungal therapy for sepsis

Fluid replacement

Oxygen

Heparin therapy

Replacement therapy- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP,) RBC

42
Q
A

NURS 428: Evolution (17 decks)

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