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Hematology > Hemaptoesis & Leukocyte Disorders > Flashcards

Hemaptoesis & Leukocyte Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neutrophil

A

PMN: Most numerous leukocytes

Primary defense against infection

Phagocytic, kills with ROS

Short life span: 6-24 hours

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2
Q

Bands

A

Immature neutrophil, present in serious infection/some types of blood cancer

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3
Q

Lymphocytes

A

“disk inside a disk”

second most numerous leukocyte

Antibody production, destroy virus infected cells & cancer cells, coordinate immune response

T cells, NK cells, and B cells

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4
Q

Monocytes

A

“garbagemen”

third most common wbc in peripheral blood

antigen presenting cells

differentiate into macrophages

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5
Q

Eosinophils

A

Big red granules, bilobed nucleus

Granules filled with vasoactive compounds

Mediators of allergy including anaphylaxis

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6
Q

Basophils

A

Rarest, nobody knows what they do

Granules contain heparin and histamine

Elevatd in hematologic neoplasia (blood cancer)

Granules overly the nucleus which is different than all the other wbc’s

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7
Q

Platelets

A

Full of granules that are procoagulant

Anucleate

Key components of hemostasis

Bind to damaged endothelium via VWF

Production driven by thrombopoietin (liver hormone –> goes to marrow –> stimulates platelet precursor cell)

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8
Q

From which precursor cells do platelets form?

A

Megakaryocytes: hyperdiploid, keep undergoing mitosis without dividing

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9
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Anucleate sack of hemoglobin

Biconcave disk shape essential to function

Lifespan 120 days

Erythropoietin drives their production

1/3-2/3 of it should be central pallor

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10
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature form of RBC, purplish bc more mRNA

0.5-1.5% of the RBC population

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11
Q

Normal hematocrit for men and women

A

Men: 42-48%

Women: 40-45%

Proportion of packed red cells after you spin down the blood

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12
Q

Mean corpuscular volume: normal values

A

80-100 phentoliters

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13
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Spectrin or ankyrin deficiency (proteins of RBC cytoskeleton)

RBC lose central pallor bc they lose their cytoskeleton & turn into baseballs instead of disks “spherocytes” –> get stuck in spleen & are devoured there by macrophages, bite by bite

Causes hemolytic anemia

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14
Q

Hereditary Elliptocytosis

A

Overlapping protein mutations involving cytoskeleton structure

You get cigar-shaped RBC

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15
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Kidney detects low O2 tension –> increases erythropoitin production/release –> tells bone marrow to make more RBC’s

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16
Q

Morphology of hematopoiesis: size, chromatin condensation, nuclear size

A

Size is inversely proportional to maturity

Chromatin condenses with maturity

Nucelar:cytoplasmic ratio is bigger when less mature

Granules: if present, it’s a WBC not RBC precursor

17
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A
18
Q

Cell type/frequency

A
19
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low WBC <3000

20
Q

Neutropenia

A

ANC <1500

If <500, you’re susceptible to infections

If <100, you can spontaneously get infection

21
Q

Lymphopenia

A

ALC <1200

Not pathological but the lower you go, higher risk of infection

22
Q

What can cause neutropenia?

A

Infections: sepsis, HIV, marrow infiltration i.e. TB, metastatic cancers

Medications: chemo, immunosuppressants, antibiotics

Blood cancers: leukemias, myelodysplastic syndromes

Autoimmune: lupus, Felty’s syndrome

Inherited: ethinc/benign neutropenia (in blacks), cyclic neutropenia (elastase mutation)

23
Q

What causes lymphopenia?

A

HIV/AIDS

Medications: corticosteroids (depete your lymphocytes), immunosuppressives, chemo

Viral infections in immunocompromised (EBV, CMV)

Hodgkins lymphoma

24
Q

What can cause neutrophilia?

A

Acute infection

Corticosteroids (they reduce lymphocyte counts but increase neutrophil count)

Autoimmune dz (bc they’re inflammatory)

Leukemoid reaction (solid tumors –> high neutrophil count bc cancer gives off chemicals that cause neutorphils to get high)

Blood cancers

25
Q

What is demargination of neutrophils?N

A

Neutrophils live in marrow, circulation, and outside of endothelial cells waiting for something to happen

They leave when you get an infection but also when you give steroids = demargination

26
Q

Eosinophilia

A

You should only see one eos in a high powered field; if more than one, think NAACP

Neoplasia

Allergy

Addisons dz

Collagen-vascular dz

Parasite infection

27
Q

Rare leukocyte disorders

A

Pelger-Huet abnormality

May-Hegglin anomaly

Chediak-Higashi

Chronic granulamatous dz

Bruton’s agammaglobuinamia

Severe combined immunodeficiencies

Hematology (10 decks)

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