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Hematology > Hema. Mod.A Lec1 > Flashcards

Hema. Mod.A Lec1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hematopoiesis

Where ?

A

Formation and development of BLOOD CELLS

Bone marrow

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2
Q

What is Erythropoiesis ?

A

Development of mature RED blood cells

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3
Q

Components of the hematopoietic system ?

A

1- BONE MARROW

2-LIVER

3-SPLEEN

4- lymph nodes
5- tonsils
6-thymus
7-payer’s patches

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4
Q

Volume of blood

A

4-5 L

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5
Q

Composition of blood

A

45% Blood cells

55% Plasma cells

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6
Q

Types of blood cells (3 types ?)

A

1- RBC
2- Platelets

Phagocytes:

  • Neutrophils
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Monocytes

Lymphocytes;

  • T cells
  • B cells
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7
Q

Phagocytes include : 7

A
  • neutrophils
  • monocyte
  • macrophage
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • mast cells
  • dendritic cells
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8
Q

Types of WBC’s (2) and their examples.

A

1-GRANULAR:
-neutrophils,eosinophils,basophils

2- AGRANULAR:
-lymphocytes, monocytes

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9
Q

Sites of hematopoiesis in FETUS

A

0-2 months in yolk sac

2-7 months in liver,spleen

6-9 months in bone marrow

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10
Q

In infants blood is formed in

A

All bones

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11
Q

In children blood is formed in

A

Long bones

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12
Q

In adults blood is formed in

A

Flat bones

Long bones

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13
Q

What is meant by Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

A

Synthesis of blood cells OUTSIDE bone marrow

Occurs in cases of bone marrow diseases

Medulla = cavity

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14
Q

What is the mother cell of the hematopoietic system ?

A

Stem cell (pluripotent stem cells)

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15
Q

Characteristics of stem cell (3)

A

1- Self renewal

2- Able to differentiate into specialized cells (which give mature cells)

3- Multiplication to form more daughter cells

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16
Q

How are mature cells made ?

A

After stem cells are exposed to growth hormone

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17
Q

Hormones involved in hematopoiesis

A

Erythropoietin

Thrombopoietin

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18
Q

EPO and TPO are regulated by

A

Interferon gamma and TGF beta (cytokines)

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19
Q

Where does the stem cell settle down ?

A

In the STROMA of bone marrow

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20
Q

What is the composition of bone marrow stroma ? (2)

A

1- Stromal Cells

2- Microvascular network

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21
Q

What is the structure of stromal cells (6)

A 
1-Macrophage
2-Fibroblast
3-Mesenchymal cells
4-Endothelial cells or Osteoblast
5-Fat cells
6-Extracellular Matrix
22
Q

Function of Stromal Cells: (2)

A

1-Formation of growth factors

2- Secrete Extracellular Molecules To Form EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

23
Q

Function of extracellular matrix:

A

Adhesion of stem cells on stromal cells

24
Q

General characteristics of Growth Factors: (4)

A

1- Glycoproteins, act at low conc

2- Act HIERARCHICALLY

3-PRODUCED BY MANY TYPES OF CELLS

4-Act on stem cells and on differentiated cells.

25
Q

Functions Of Growth Factors:(3)

A

1-Proliferation, Differentiation, Maturation

2- Functional Activation

3- Prevent Apoptosis

26
Q

All growth factors are produced from STROMAL CELLS except

A

1- EPO from kidney

2-TPO from liver

27
Q

When growth factor bind to receptors on stem cells

A

It stimulates signal transduction that affect gene:

1-Stimulate gene expression (proliferation,diff,maturation)

2- Inhibition

28
Q

Stages Of Erythropoiesis

A

1- Proerythroblast (normoblast)
2- Reticulocytes
3- Mature RBCs

29
Q

Stages Of Normoblast

A

1- Early : called basophilic

2-Intermediate: polychromatic (phase of hemoglobin formation)

3-Late: orthrochromatic

30
Q

Normoblast: (3)

A
  • Has nucleus with DNA
  • RNA in cytoplasm
  • present only in BM

If present in blood, indicates disease.

31
Q

Reticulocyte: (4)

A

1- RNA present

2-Basophilic

3- Circulate in blood for 1-2 days then converted to mature rbc

4- Present in BM and Blood

32
Q

Mature RBC

A

1- In Marrow, Blood

2- No RNA , No DNA

33
Q

Factors effecting Erythropoiesis(4)

A

1- EPO production

2- Iron

3- VitaminB12,Folate,Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Thiamine, Riboflavin

4- Hormones: Androgen and Thyroxin

Any decrease in these factors lead to ANEMIA

34
Q

What stimulates EPO secretion from kidney ?

A

EPO SECRETION

35
Q

Types Of Hemoglobin ?

A

Embryonic

Adult

Fetal (gamma delta)

36
Q

Types of adult hemoglobin

A

HbA (a2b2)
HbA2 (a2d2)
HbF (a2y2)

37
Q

When does the switch of fetal hb to adult hb occur ?

A

Between 3-6 months

38
Q

Synthesis of HB occurs in the stage of:

A

Normoblast (polychromatic)

39
Q

Hemogobin structure

A

1- Heme (protoporphyrin + iron)

2- globin (2alpha, 2beta)

40
Q

How many iron and O2 molecules carried by 1 molecule of hemoglobin ?

A

One iron

4 O2 molecules

41
Q

Is mature RBC capable of synthesizing hb ?

A

No

42
Q

Function Of Hemoglobin

A

Carry O2 from lung to tissues

Carry CO2 from tissues to lungs

43
Q

What are the factors that affect the O2 dissociation curve ? (4)

A

1- CO2 pressure (PCo2)

2- ph

3-Temperature

4- 2,3 DPG

44
Q

If CO2 is high, pH is low, Temperature is High, what happens to the curve ?

A

Shifted to the right

45
Q

If CO2 is low, pH is high, temp is low what happens to the curve ?

A

Shifts to the left

46
Q

Size of blood cells

A

7.2-7.5 um

47
Q

Shape of blood cells

A

Biconcave with no nucleus

48
Q

Metabolic pathway in RBC

A

Anaerobic glycolysis due to absent mitochondria

HMP

49
Q

Composition Of RBC membrane

A

1- Lipid Bilayer

2-Integral Membrane proteins

3-Membrane skeleton proteins

50
Q

What are the membrane skeleton proteins

A

1- B spectrin

2-Ankryin

3- Protein 4,1

4- Actin

51
Q

Extravascular hemolysis:

A

If increased leads to hemolytic anemia

Occurs in Macrophage Of RETICULOENDOTHELIAL (RE) System

Hematology (5 decks)

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