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Hema > HEMA MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

HEMA MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

stopping of blood

A

Hemostasis

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2
Q

Clot formation/ thrombus

A

Thrombosis

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3
Q

clot dissolution, if not may lead to
myocardial infarction or stroke

A

Fibrinolysis

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4
Q

described “worms” in the blood

what year

A

Athanasius Kircher
1657

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5
Q

gave an account for RBC

what year?

A

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
1674

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6
Q

describes platelets as petite plaques

A

Giulio Bizzozero

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7
Q

developed wrights stain

what year?

A

James Homer Wright

1902

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8
Q

Percentage by body weight
Blood and other fluids

A

8% blood
92 other fluids

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9
Q

Plasma percentage by weight
Water
Proteins
Other solutes

A

91% water
7% proteins
2% Other solutes

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10
Q

Plasma by weight
under Proteins
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen

A

58%
38%
4%

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11
Q

Percentage by volume
Plasma
Formed elements

A

55
45

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12
Q

Formed elements
number for cubic nm
Platelets
RBC
WBC
N
L
M
E
B

A

platelets- 250-400 thousand
RBC- 4.2-5.2 million
WBC- 5-9 thousand

N-60-70%
L- 20-25%
M-3-8 %
E- 2-4 %
B- 0.5-1%

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13
Q

includes erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma

A

Whole blood

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14
Q

small white layer of cells lying between the packed cell volume and plasma (leukocytes and platelets)

A

Buffy coat

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15
Q

liquid portion of unclotted blood (hazy or pale yellow)
• Anticoagulant used
• Pale yellow due to fibrin

A

Plasma

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16
Q

fluid that remains after coagulation (Clear and straw colored)

A

Serum

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17
Q

Anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells filled with a reddish protein (hemoglobin)
measure 6-8 um in diameter with a zone of pallor that occupies one third of their center
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, and RBC Indices

A

RBC

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18
Q

Insufficient number of healthy red blood cells
• May be due to production in bone marrow up to movement of RBCs to peripheral (e.g.: blood
destruction)

A

Anemia

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19
Q

Too many red blood cells
• Starting from the bone marrow or circulatory will cause the thickness of blood (viscous)

A

Polycythemia Vera

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20
Q

Skin: First line of defense
WBCs: Second line of defense
: 3rd line of defense

A

Plasma cells, NK, Macrophage, cytokines

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21
Q

Low WBC count prone to infection

A

Leukopenia

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22
Q

Increased WBC count

A

Leukocytosis

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23
Q

Cancer of the blood

A

leukemia

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24
Q

Platelets

Maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs
● Hemostasis and thrombosis —>
● Adhesion, Secretion, Aggregation →

A

MI/Stroke

white thrombus

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25
Q

Capillary blood contains more___ than venous blood (___mg/dL)

A

glucose

10-20

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26
Q

Capillary blood contains more____ than venous blood (up to 1000/uL)

A

leukocytes

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27
Q

Capillary blood has lower __ count and ____ value than venous blood (5%)

A

rbc and hemoglobin

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28
Q

Capillary blood has a___ platelet count
• RBC in capillary blood are more__ than those of venous rbc

A

lower

fragile

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29
Q

Hematopoiesis

continuous regulated process of blood production – _____ of RBC, WBC, and Platelets RPDM
• the formation and development of blood cells

A

renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation

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30
Q

Prenatal hematopoiesis

most of hematopoiesis are

A

erythroid

31
Q

MP
__ day of gestation (__ week of fetal life)

A

19 th
2nd week

32
Q

Formation of blood islands in the yolk sac (______ layer), aggregation of primitive cells

A

MP
mesodermal extraembryonic

33
Q

MP
chief site of production

what organs are related?

A

Yolk sac

Liver and Bone marrow

34
Q

surround the cavity of the yolk sac and form
blood vessels

A

MP

Angioblasts

35
Q

what week is the development of primitive
erythroblast (PE) – produces Hb
• Occurs intravascularly

A

9th week of fetal life

MESOBLASTIC PERIOD

36
Q

THREE EMBRYONIC FORMS OF HEMOGLOBIN GGP

A

Gower I
Gower 2
Portland

37
Q
  1. HEPATIC PERIOD
    4 to 5 gestational weeks
    (starts on the)

•___ : chief site; ______ of fetal life
• Recognizable clusters of developing _______ EGM
• Lymphoid cells start to appear – lifetime
• Occurs_____
• Fetal liver reaches its peak in 3rd month of development
• Nucleated RBCs (NRBC), Granulocyte, Monocytes, Lymphocytes, and Megakaryocytes
• Hemoglobins: (3)
o___
___
___

A

2nd month

Liver

3rd month of life
Erythroblasts, granulocyte, monocytes

extravascularly

HbA
o HbA2
o HbF

38
Q

first fully developed organ
major site for T-cell production
(Cellular)

A

THYMUS

39
Q

B cell production

A

Kidney

40
Q

Spleen is active in EML

A

Erythropoiesis
Myelopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis

41
Q

until the end of normal gestation(splenic)

A

Erythropoiesis

42
Q

becomes minimal by the 5th month

A

Myelopoiesis

43
Q

Lifetime

A

Lymphopoiesis

44
Q

What are the organs responsible for the B cell production of the hepatic stage (humoral cell)

A

Kidney and Spleen

45
Q

MEDULARRY (MYELOID) PHASE
starts in
chief site

what migrates into core of the bone and differentiate into skeletal and hematopoietic blood cells

what begins to appear gradually & increases in conc

measurableD EPO, G-CSF, GM-CSF, HbF and Hb a2
what is the ratio of myeloid to erythroid by 21 weeks of gestation

by what week the long shaft of the bone marrow is the main site

A

5th month of fetal life
Red bone marrow (medullary part)

Mesenchymal cells

Hb A1

3:1

6th month

46
Q

STAGES OF HEMATOPOESIS
PRENATAL HEAMTOPOETIC STEM CELL

A

Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent

47
Q

first few hours after the ovum fertilized, it can developed into any human cell time and development of EMBRYO to FETUS

A

Totipotent

48
Q

Present after several days of fertilization
development into any cell type except that it cannot develop into fetus

A

Pluripotent

49
Q

derive from pluripotent stem cell and limited only to specific type of cells to form the tissues

formation of specific type of cells

A

Multipotent

50
Q

restricted primarily in bone marrow

A

Adult hematopoiesis

51
Q

bone forming

form resorbing

A

osteoblast

osteoclasts

52
Q

BONE MARROW
Contains developing ____________ EMML
Located in the cavities of the cortical bones
o These cavities consist of_____ bone (honey comb)
Is the only site of erythropoiesis, myelopoiesis, thrombopoiesis & Lymphopoiesis
Develops in the embryo by the hollowing out of the skeletal bones forming a_______
In this cavity develops a primitive, undifferentiated cell known as________ or stem cell
ALL blood-formed elements ultimately develop from this undifferentiated precursor
Full of developing precursor cells in all stages of maturation Released into blood at maturity and ONLY mature cells are released normally
First recognizable precursor in each cell line is a___\

A

erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic and lymphocytic

trabecular

central cavity

hemocytoblast

blast

53
Q

1st few years of life

a delicate balance exist between developing bone marrow space trabecular bone and the developing infant’s need for blood cells and the _______ remains available because of its hematopoietic capability

A

liver or spleen

54
Q

4th year of life
rate of bone marrow growth exceeds the need for blood cells therefore, active marrow sites are replaced with areas of fatty reserve and fat first develops in the long bones (______ )

A

retrogression

55
Q

18th year of life

the only active hematopoietic sites are in the______ PVRSSSP

A

pelvis, vertebrae, ribs, scapulae, sternum, skull, and proximal extremities of the long bones

56
Q

Site of blood cell development
• Hematopoietically active bones

It comprises approximately 50% of the marrow/cavity space
• Hematopoietic sites are in Sternum, skull, scapula, vertebrae, ribs, pelvic bones and proximal ends of long bones

A

RED MARROW

57
Q

Hematopoietically inactive bones
• Made up of Adipose tissue (adipocytes)
The remaining 50% of the space is occupied
• Made up of adipose tissue,
undifferentiated cells and macrophage

A

YELLOW MARROW

58
Q

___ and___ should have approximately equal amounts.

A

red and yellow

59
Q

CENTRAL SPACE

Due to reabsorption of cartilage and____ bone
• Retrogression: process of replacing the active marrow by
_____ (yellow marrow) during development

A

endosteal

adipocytes

60
Q

INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD

all the bones in the body contain
primarily_______

A

red (Active) marrow

61
Q

adipocytes more abundant and began to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow

A

5-7 years old

62
Q

Bone marrow and thymus
• Where T and B cells are derived

A

PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE

63
Q

Lymphoid become competent, consists of the spleen and lymph nodes and gut-associated lymphoid tissue

A

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE

64
Q

EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS
• Blood cell production in hematopoietic tissue other than bone marrow
• Principally occurs in___ and ___ (just like in fetus) ___ and ___ LSLT
•_______ – mediate progenitors and bind to the stroma
• Adhesion molecules 5 FTCLH

A

liver and spleen

lymph nodes and thymus

Proteoglycan / glycosaminoglycans

Fibronectin
o Thrombospondin
o Collagen
o Laminin
o Hemonectin

65
Q

LIVET
Major site of blood cell production during the hepatic stage
• Synthesizing various transport proteins SSCT
• Storing essential minerals and vitamins that are used in
synthesis of DNA and RNA
• Conjugating bilirubin from Hemoglobin degradation
• Transports bilirubin to the small intestine for eventual
excretion (Stool or urine)
• 2 lobes
• Optimal for gathering, transferring and eliminating substances via the____

1.____

macrophages in liver cells
• Macrophages, removing cellular and
foreign debris from blood • Protein Synthesis

  1. _____

Allows plasma to have direct access to hepatocytes

A

bile

Kupffer cells
Epithelial cells

66
Q

SPLEEN

____ lymphoid organ, found on left side of the abdomen, located directly beneath the diaphragm and behind the____ of the stomach
Primary functions:______

Graveyard of old RBC
“____ ”
A reticuloendothelial organ that is vital but not essential Indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood
HEALTHY =____ ml of blood in SPLEEN.

A

Largest

fundus

lymphopoiesis, phagocytosis

sponge

350 ml

67
Q
  1. LYMPH NODES

Organs of the lymphatic system located along the______
Oval structures distributed throughout the body connected by lymphatic vessels which carry a fluid called lymph ____ –shaped structures

Act as____ to remove foreign blood contaminants

Extremely important part of the body’s infection defense Superficial (IACS ) or deep (MR )

Consists of an outer capsule that forms trabeculae Provides support for macrophages predominant population of lymphocytes

A

lymphatic capillaries

Bean

filters

inguinal, axillary, cervical and supratrochlear

mesenteric and retroperitoneal

68
Q
  1. THYMUS
    responsible for normal development of some of the_____
    located in the neck
    maximum development in childhood, atrophies with age
A

lymphocytes

69
Q

STEM CELL THEORY OF HEMATOPOIESIS
All cells are derived from a pool of stem cells that are______

_______ stem cells give rise to committed stem cells for each cell line
Committed stem cells have receptors for specific growth factors
Respond to stimulation by division & maturation (precursor cell stages) into end-stage cells

A

self- renewing

Pluripotential & multipotential

70
Q

major regulator of erythropoiesis
• stimulates erythroid CFU cells and
proerythroblasts

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

71
Q

increases platelet production
• stimulates megakaryocyte CFU
cells

A

Thrombopoietin

72
Q

increases production of neutrophils
• stimulates granulocyte-
macrophage CFU cells

A

Granulocyte- CSF (G-CSF)

73
Q

increases macrophage production
• stimulates granulocyte-
macrophage CFU cells
• regulates the granulocyte and monocyte production

A

Granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSF)

74
Q

stimulate B- and T-cell formation
• function together with G-CSF and
GM-CSF (cytokines)

A

Interleukins (glycoproteins)

Hema (2 decks)

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