Hema Flashcards
is the process of blood cell production, including renewal, proliferation,
differentiation, and maturation
Hematopoiesis
it is a continuous and ________ process that results in the formation, development, and
specialization of all functional blood cells that are released from the bone marrow.
regulated
this stem cell is capable of both ______ and ________ into the
different cell lineages
self-renewal
directed differentiation
Hematopoiesis in humans is characterized by ______ distribution of embryonic stem cells in specific sites that are
rapidly changing during the course of development.
selective
In healthy adults, hematopoiesis is primarily confined to the _______
Bone marrow
During fetal development, blood cell development begins in the (1)_______, that later progresses to the ____ region (mesoblastic phase); (2) transfers to the_____ (hepatic phase); and (3) terminally,
resides in the_______ (medullary phase).
- yolk sac
Region: Aorta Gonad-Mesonephros (AGM) - fetal liver
- bone marrow
Mesoblastic Phase:
- Starts at the _____ day after fertilization
19th
Erythroblasts (immature red blood cells) come from _______________ ; remaining cells
surrounding the cavity develop into angioblasts and later on form the blood vessels
mesodermal cells lining the yolk sac
_______erythroblasts never lose their
nucleus.
primitive
These erythroblasts are found in ‘blood islands’ surrounding a macrophage called ______ cell.
Nurse
- Primitive erythroblasts start to produce the following hemoglobins:_______ , _______, and _________
Portland hemoglobin, Gower 1 hemoglobin,
and Gower 2 hemoglobin
Begins at around 4-5 weeks after fertilization; Peaks at third month of development
Hepatic phase
- The liver becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis
- Characterized by recognizable clusters of myeloid cells.
- Lymphoid cells begin to appear
Hepatic phase
Sites of secondary hematopoiesis: Thymus begins to produce_____; Spleen and kidneys produce____
With detectable levels of HbF (fetal hemoglobin), HbA / HbA
(major adult hemoglobin), and HbA
(minor adult
hemoglobin)
T cells
B cells
Activity remains until 1-2 weeks after birth
hepatic phase
Starts at the 5th month of development; cells of various stages of maturation in all lineages are seen
- Mesenchymal cells transfer to the skeletal tissues and develop into HSCs
Medullary Phase/myeloid
Medullary phase :
Myeloid to erythroid (M:E) ratio reaches _____ (adult M:E ratio) at the ______
3:1
21st week
Bone marrow becomes the major site of__________.
hematopoiesis
Medurally phase:
Shortly after birth, the BM remains as the only_____
capable of blood cell production.
tissue
Medullary phase:
When the BM is in distress or is not functioning properly, secondary
hematopoietic organs such as the____ and _____ revert to their hematopoietic function (extramedullary
hematopoiesis)
liver
spleen
Medullary phase:
Erythropoietin,______, and ______ (Growth Factors) reach detectable levels
Hemoglobins produced are HbA / HbA1, HbF, and HbA2
(minor adult hemoglobin)
G-CSF and GM-CSF
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
Yolk sac
prenatal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
Bone marrow
pre natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
liver
prenatal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
spleen
pre natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
tibial
post natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
sternum
post natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
vertebral and pelvis
post natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
ribs
post natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
lymph nodes
Post natal
Sites of Hematopoiesis in the developing individual:
femur
post natal
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
1. _______– primary site of hematopoiesis in an adult
Bone Marrow
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
2. _______– major site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period
Liver
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
3.______ – secondary site of hematopoiesis during the hepatic period
Spleen
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
4. _________– secondary lymphoid organ; involved in the maturation of T cells
Thymus
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
5._______ – secondary lymphoid organ; involved in production of lymphocytes, filtration and removal of old and
damaged cells
Lymph Nodes
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
6._______ – in humans, the Bursa-equivalent organ is the bone marrow. In the Fabricius bird, the bursa is
the site of maturation of B cells.
Bursa equivalent organ
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
7. ________Phagocyte System
Mononuclear
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
8.______ – produce erythropoietin
Kidneys
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
9. ________– produces intrinsic factor
Stomach
Organs involved in hematopoiesis:
10.________– site of primitive erythropoiesis
Yolk sac
Adult Hematopoietic Tissue:
- _________ is the major site of hematopoiesis
- Lymphoid development occurs in primary and secondary lymphoid organs:
Bone Marrow
o____________ Organs: sites of maturation of lymphocytes - Bone Marrow and Thymus
Primary Lymphoid
o\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Organs: sites of activation of lymphocytes - Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Secondary lymphoid
composed of red marrow and yellow marrow;
bone marrow
________ is the hematopoietic tissue
and the________ is composed of adipose
red marrow
yellow marrow
- In adults, red marrow is located in the_______, skull, vertebrae,_______, ribs, pelvic
bones, and_______ ends of long bones
sternum
scapulae
proximal
Ratio of red marrow to yellow marrow in the developing individual: Before birth:\_\_\_\_\_\_ Red Marrow At birth: 90:10 At 19-20 y/o: \_\_\_\_\_\_ In adulthood: 50:50 At 65 y/o: \_\_\_\_\_\_
100%
60: 40
40: 60
Yellow marrow can revert to red marrow when there is increased demand for hematopoiesis, such as in______ and_____
acute
blood loss
hemolysis
Thee bone marrow is the site of production and maturation of______– erythrocytes,_____,
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes
myeloid cells
megakaryocytes
The bone marrow produces the_____. The____ mature in the bone marrow. The T cells, however, mature
in the_____. The lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid organs.
lymphocytes
B cells
Thymus
Plays a significant role in hematopoiesis during fetal life (hepatic phase)
- Responsible for synthesis of most proteins and vitamins that play a role in regulating hemostasis
- Responsible for conjugating bilirubin from hemoglobin breakdown
- Responsible for detoxification of blood
- Site of protein synthesis and degradation
Liver
________ cells lining the canaliculi remove senescent and damaged red blood cells from circulation as they pass
through the liver
Kupffer
Largest lymphoid organ in the body; secondary site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase
Spleen
Functions of the spleen:
1.____: removal of senescent (old) red blood cells from blood circulation by phagocytosis
Culling
Functions of the spleen:
2._______: removal of inclusion bodies from the surface of red blood cells
Pitting
_________ bodies – accumulated iron;
Pappenheimer
_________ bodies – DNA remnants;
Howell-jolly
_______ bodies – globin remnants
Heinz
Functions of the spleen:
3._______– it is a secondary lymphoid organ, serving as a site of activation of lymphocytes (B and T cells)
Immune defense
Functions of the spleen:
4. Storage of_______ – the spleen sequesters 1/3 of platelets produced to serve as reservoir
platelets
primary lymphoid organ; secondary site of hematopoiesis during hepatic phase
- Site of maturation of T cells
Thymus
Secondary lymphoid organ
- Site of activation of lymphocytes
- Filters debris, particulate matter, and bacteria from the lymph
- Serves as site of proliferation of lymphocytes
Lymph nodes
__________ system – composed of the monocytes and macrophages
Mononuclear phagocyte
Functions:
1. ________– removal of debris, particulate matter, and foreign cells from the blood (monocytes) and tissues
(macrophages)
Phagocytosis
Functions:
2. ___________ – Antigens from digested foreign cells (bacteria) are presented to T cells for activation of the
adaptive immune system
Antigen Presentation
Functions:
3. _______ (substances that promote mitosis) secretion
Mitogen
Functions:
4. Secretion of_______ (substances that influence the maturation and differentiation of blood
cells)
hematopoietic growth factors
responsible for production of erythropoietin (growth factor that drives maturation of RBC precursors) in response to hypoxia.
Kidneys
acts on erythroblasts in the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and maturation, for
eventual release into the circulation
Erythropoietin
produces intrinsic factor. Intrinsic Factor is necessary for absorption of Vit. B12 in the intestines. Deficiency of IF
leads to deficiency in Vit. B12 and would lead to pernicious anemia (a type of Megaloblastic anemia)
Stomach
Stem cells are characterized by its ability for/to:
1.______;
2.give rise to differentiated____ (ie. a hematopoietic stem cell can differentiate into a common myeloid stem cell or
common lymphoid stem cell to later on give rise to mature and functional blood cells);
3._____ the hematopoietic system in a lethally irradiated individual
- self-renewal
- progeny
- reconstitute
Normal cell development depends the interaction of:
- _______ stem cell
- Microenvironment
- Hematopoietic Growth Factors
Pluripotent
A_______ hematopoietic stem cell can be stimulated to undergo one of three possible fates: self-renewal,
differentiation, or apoptosis.
pluripotent
The common myeloid stem cell may differentiate into committed (lineage-specific) precursor cells such as a________ to eventually give rise to mature erythrocytes or_________ to give rise to
platelets.
Proerythroblast
Megakaryoblast
________ and Growth Factors: a group of glycoproteins that regulate the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of
hematopoietic precursor cells.
Cytokines
Cytokines can either promote or________, differentiation, and maturation of
blood cells. Cytokines may also inhibit_____ (programmed cell death), allowing cells to proliferate. Cytokines may be
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF), early-acting multilineage growth factors or_________ .
inhibit proliferation
apoptosis
interleukins
pan myeloid growth factor
GM -CSF
stimulates granulocyte production and functional activation
G-CSF
stimulates monocytes and macrophages production and activity
M-CSF
stimulates proliferation, growth and differentiation
target cells : pronormoblasts and CFU -erythroid cell
( SOURCE: KIDNEY)
Erythroprotein ( EPO)
regulates production of plaletes
Thrombopoietin
