Helping Relationships Flashcards
The fourth stage of a crisis. It is characterized by disequilibrium and normally involves the following stages: physical and psychological agitation, preoccupation with the events leading to the crisis, and finally a gradual return to the state of equilibrium. The individual ordinarily recognizes during this state that his or her usual coping mechanisms are inadequate. Thus, he or she is usually highly motivated to seek and except outside help.
Active crisis state
A therapist response expressing agreement with the clients ideas, behaviors, or feelings.
Approval
Model of consultation in which changes in the skills and behaviors of the consultee or the consultee’s clients are emphasized. Also called the educational model.
Behavioral Model
Term used by Freud to describe a patient’s expression of repressed emotion parentheses. In psychotherapy this is usually accompanied by interpretations that help the client understand the meaning of his or her repressed emotions.
Catharsis
Type of therapy originally described by Carl Rogers, based on the belief that the individuals inherent potential for growth and improvement can be released by certain conditions: accurate empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. Views abnormal behavior as the result of incongruence between self and experience. Also known as person centered and nondirective therapy.
Client centered therapy
Approach to family therapy which emphasizes the role of family interactions underlying pathology. For example, this type of therapist view double bind communication as a contributor to the development of schizophrenia.
Communications family therapy
The use of a specialist in a particular area to help with a work related problem. Usually occurs on an ad hoc basis and always has a problem-solving educational function.
Consultation
Method of family therapy that treats a number of unrelated couples in the same therapy group. Proponents claim such groups afford identification with others and the possibility of role-playing with non-familial members.
Couples group
According to Bowen, the separation of the intellect and emotion allowing an individual family member to resist being overwhelmed by the emotional states of other family members.
Differentiation
In psychodynamic theory, the amount of psychic energy available to an individual for resolving internal conflict, problem-solving, and defending against distress.
Ego strength
Maladaptive mode of living resulting from the inability to cope with existential anxiety. Characterized by avoidance and denial of personal responsibility and the non-acceptance of human free will.
Existential neurosis
Beliefs shared by all family members concerning each other and their relative positions in the family.
Family Myths
In psychoanalysis, the notion that psychosexual development can be arrested at a particular stage such that the personality becomes structured around the unresolved conflicts of that stage.
Fixation
The concept that organizational change, regardless of its intent or content, produces a positive affect on work and motivation and/or performance.
Hawthorne effect
This type of therapy is always conducted in imagination and involves presenting the feature stimulus vividly enough so as to arouse high levels of anxiety. D
Implosive therapy
Defense mechanism in which memories are separated from the emotions once accompanying them.
Isolation
Educational techniques used by supervisors to enhance counselors skills. Involves observing the counselor in session with a client by using a one-way mirror, sitting in on the session, etc. The supervisor notes specific points in the interaction, make suggestions, gives instructions etc. based on his/her observations.
Live supervision
Observational learning; the process in which learning occurs as a result of observing the behavior of others.
Modeling
The situation in which performance of a response terminates an adverse condition or stimulus. The removal of an adverse stimuli in order to increase a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Interview questions which define a topic area, but allow the client to respond in whatever way he/she chooses. Encourages the client to expand on information which is very personal and, thus, tends to elicit useful information.
Open ended questions
Therapeutic interventions in which the therapist deliberately gives the individual or family a directive the therapist wants the individual or family to resist. The change in the individual or family is a result of defiance of the therapist directive.
Paradoxical techniques
A written idea ratified by a legitimate authority that represents a guide to action.
Policy
Process which attempts to reduce tension by forming an image of an object that will remove the tension. Maternal dreams are examples of this.
Primary process
Type of psychotherapy that stresses the processes (usually unconscious) underlying behavior.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Technique of behavior therapy in which an unacceptable response is removed or eliminated by substituting an incompatible response. For example, the person is urged to relax when an anxiety-provoking stimilus is presented.
Reciprocal inhibition
Defense mechanism in which unacceptable Id impulses are kept out of conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious. The most basic of the defense mechanisms.
Repression
An adaptation of psychodrama in which family members position themselves to reveal significant aspects of their perceptions and feelings. Such aspects include an individual members view of the emotional closeness or distance among family members. This process is performed non-verbally.
Sculpting
In operant conditioning, the method used to establish a behavior in which the individual is reinforced for displaying closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior.
Shaping
Therapy in which the clinician actively designs interventions to fit a problem
Strategic family therapy
According to Freud, the part of the personality serving as the individual’s conscience. This develops out of that Oedipus conflict and incorporate socital ethics and morals into the personality.
Superego
In behavioral approaches, the behavior selected for analysis and/or modification.
Target behavior
What is the first step in behavioral intervention?
Identifying the target behavior through behavioral assessment.
The artificial neurosis occurring during the course of psychoanalysis and involves the development of transference.
Transference neurosis
Technique used in the initial interview to illuminate barriers to rapport; involves having an informal conversation with a client unrelated to the clients reasons for seeking help.
Warming up period
Includes activities and skills geared toward making staff and processes, in an organization, operate in a way that achieves desired goals. Functions include planning, organizing, developing resources, budgeting, program evaluation, staff development, inter-organizational relations, public relations, and management.
Administration
In Jungian analytic theory, the structural components of the collective unconscious. These are inherited universal thought forms that create images corresponding to some aspect of reality.
Archetypes
The use of an apparatus to provide feedback to individuals about physiological responses that are usually unobservable. This helps the individual achieve control over those responses. Frequently used to help individuals control anxiety and its symptoms.
Bio feedback
Investment of psychic energy onto an object, idea, etc.
Cathexis
A family system in which honest self expression is viewed as deviant and differences are treated as dangerous. The general rule is that all members of the family must have the same opinions, feelings, and desires. These systems are unable to receive energy from the environment and become highly disorganized.
Closed system
According to Jackson, interactions based on different levels of relating and can possibly lead to rigidity or frustration. This involves people with different styles of communication.
Complementary communication
A technique primarily associated with behavioral family therapy, involving an agreement between two or more persons regarding the behavior change expected by one or all of the parties and the resulting consequences if the agreement is or is not honored.
Contingency contract
A type of adverse conditioning in which the client imagines engaging in the target behavior while simultaneously imagining an adverse stimulus.
Covert sensitization
A therapeutic technique used to teach clients how to behave differently, while actively involving a therapist in the family. This technique is based on the assumption that the professional training and experience of the counselor or therapist equip him or her to manage the therapeutic process and to guide the client’s behavior.
Directive
Communication skill used throughout the counseling process to, for example, initiate rapport, maintain the therapeutic relationship, and enable the therapist to move towards confronting a client’s problematic issues. Fundamental to this is reflecting and understanding and acceptance of not only a clients overtly expressed feelings, but also his/her underlying emotions. Can be conveyed through verbal and nonverbal communication.
Empathetic responding
Method of psychotherapy that involves complete empathy with clients as a means of bringing them to a full understanding of life’s meaning as they perceive it and as a means of reducing fear of risks associated with the acceptance of personal freedom
Existential psychotherapy
The original nuclear family of an adult; an adults parents and siblings.
Family of origin
A classical extinction technique that involves exposing the individual in vivo or in imagination to high anxiety arousing stimuli.
Flooding
A series of transactions with a set of an ulterior, concealed payoffs. These are common rituals and serve to inhibit the development of intimacy. (Satir)
Games
A type of game in which one family member placates, one blames or disagrees, and one distracts, making inappropriate, non-relevant statements. These games are common in families with a schizophrenic member.
Rescue games
Game in which two people agree while one disagrees, or two disagree while one agrees. It requires disturbed behavior to comply with this rule.
Coalition games
Game in which everybody placates and agrees at the expense of their own needs. This game is common in families with psychosomatic illness.
Lethal games
Game in which each person includes self and others in interactions. People can agree or disagree according to their own experiential reality and still remain a part of the system.
Growth game
A stressful circumstance disrupting an individuals equilibrium and initiates a series of actions and reactions. The event may be anticipated or unanticipated.
Hazardous event
In a real life situation as opposed to imagined.
In vivo
A process of determining how a job differs from other jobs in terms of required responsibilities, activities, and skills.
Job analysis
The first step in the development of a predictor used to identify behaviors necessary for satisfactory job performance and to identify appropriate criterion measures.
Job analysis
According to Bowen, the notion that several mental disorders requires several generations to develop. Small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead, over many generations, to marked differences in differentiation among the members of an extended family. The information creating these differences is transmitted across generations through relationships. The transmission occurs on several interconnected levels, ranging from the conscious teaching and learning of information to the automatic and unconscious programming of emotional reactions and behaviors. Relationally and genetically transmitted information interact to shape an individual’s “self.”
Multigenerational transmission system
Theorists whose ideas are based on the theories of Freud, but that differ in several important ways. Such as more emphasis on social and cultural factors and personality development and less emphasis on unconscious motivation.
Neo Freudians
Horney, Sullivan, Fromm, and Erickson are what type of theorists
Neo Freudians
The learning of a response occurring as a result of the positive or negative consequences following the response.
Operant conditioning
Which theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning
Skinner
A restatement of the continent of a clients message without reference to the messages underlying affect.
Paraphrase
Appraisal of a policy and how it was developed.
Policy analysis
What are the three ways of analyzing policies?
Study the process
Study the product
Study the performance
Formal activities, guided by norms and based on tradition or law, for accomplishing the tasks of an organization.
Procedures
According to Freud, the notion that personality development involves a sequence of five stages, when libidinal gratification shifts from one body area to another.
Psychosexual development
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Step family or remarried family. Consist of a married husband and wife and his and/or her children from a previous marriage.
Reconstituted family
Basic changes in the structure and functioning of a system which alter its fundamental organization. This occurs when a therapeutic intervention fundamentally disrupts the pattern of symptomatic interactions so it ceases.
Second order change
Generally, avoidance behavior on the part of a client which defends against a therapists attempts at intervention. In psychoanalysis, the clients reluctance to bring into consciousness awareness repressed, threatening unconscious material.
Resistance
Pathological marriage relationship in which one partner dominates the other one. Generally, the weaker partner allows and even supports this relational dynamic, resulting in apparent harmony and pseudo mutuality.
Marital skew
Family therapy approach that is directed primarily toward changing family structure to alter the dysfunctional behaviors of its members. This type of therapy assesses the subsystems, boundaries, hierarchies, and coalitions within a family and focuses on direct interactions between the family members. This type of therapist actively participates in family interactions to affect such change.
Structural family therapy
Who is identified with structural family therapy
Minuchin
An educational and administrative procedure used to help counselors develop and improve their skills also provides quality assurance for clients
Supervision
Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the affect of mental disorders by reducing their duration and consequences.
Tertiary prevention
Process by which a two person emotional system under stress recruits a third person into the system to lower anxiety and increased stability.
Triangulation
In psychoanalysis, the process of gaining insight and personality/behavior change due to repeated examination or interpretation of a conflict or problem.
Working through
Freud second stage of psychosexual development (ages one through three years), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination.
Anal stage
Fixation in this stage is associated with obsessive compulsive disorder.
Anal stage
Behavior therapy technique used to illuminate a maladaptive behavior by pairing the behavior with a real or imagined aversive stimulus.
Aversion therapy
The formal organization, with specific tasks, goals and a clearly defined hierarchy. Organizational procedures, rules, and regulations are clearly defined.
Bureaucracy
A type of learning involving the association of responses such that each response acts as the stimulus for the following response.
Chaining
Theorists who used chaining to explain the learning of complex behaviors.
Watson and Skinner
Therapies which recognize the basic conditioning factors that form behavior but also emphasize the role of cognitive mediation in the development and maintenance of behavior. These therapies propose that individual’s responses to environmental events are determined by their cognitive interpretations of those events.
Cognitive-Behavioral therapies
What are the four basic steps of conflict management?
Recognize the conflict
Assess the conflict
Select a strategy
Intervene
In organizations, this is unavoidable and can be useful for identifying problems and motivating personnel to change.
Conflict
In counseling, assigning a client to perform a task learned in counseling outside the session.
Contracting/Homework
According to psychoanalytic theory, the devices used by the ego to prevent conscious awareness of anxiety producing impulses, thoughts, desires, etc.
Defense mechanisms
List 7 defense mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Fixation
Denial
Projection
Reaction formation
Sublimation
Model of consultation in which the consultant looks over the problem area of the organization, makes the diagnosis, and prescribes the means for a cure.
Doctor patient model
According to this concept different causes can produce the same results. In other words a given state can be reached by many different means. There are several different pathways to the same result.
Equifinality
Therapy which combines various strategies in a context involving all the significant people in a persons life.
Extended family systems therapy
Regular predictable behaviors of the family that have a sense of rightness about them. They are the whole collection of observable behaviors that add up to rules. They may be conscious or unconscious and may increase family cohesiveness or be seen as burdensome.
Family rituals
Psychoanalytic technique in which the client explores his or her unconscious conflicts by spontaneously expressing whatever comes to mind.
Free association
In family therapy, schematic diagram of the family system including at least three generations. This maps recurring patterns of behavior, and includes critical events such as deaths, births, and rights of passage. It enables the therapist to gain specific information regarding ongoing family patterns.
Genogram
According to Freud, the aspect of the personality present at birth, operates on the basis of the pleasure principle, is the source of the libido, and is characterized by desire for immediate gratification of instinctual needs.
Id
According to Jung, the process of developing a fully formed self that is separate from their parents and others around them, by integrating disparate aspects of one’s personality.
Individuation
Although positively correlated with performance, correlation coefficients are typically very low. This is inversely related to absenteeism and turnover.
Job satisfaction
Who developed the mental health model?
Gerald Caplan
A model of consultation focusing on affecting changes in the attitudes and affect of the consultee. Also known as a psychodynamic model.
Mental health model of consultation
The theory that all human behavior is motivated by needs that are arranged in a hierarchical order.
Need hierarchy theory
Hierarchical order of the five needs in need theory
Physiological
Safety
Social
Ego
Self actualization
Shared expectations about how a member of a system ought to think, feel, and behave in relation to a particular issue.
Norms
A set of concepts/constructs that are related to each other and explain how individuals behave in social units
Organizational theory
The third stage of Freud psychosexual development (3-6 years-old) when gratification is centered on the genital area.
Phallic stage
In operant conditioning, situation in which the presence of a response or behavior elicits a rewarding condition so the response/behavior is strengthened or maintained.
Positive reinforcement
Superficial bickering in a family that blurs underlying issues of intimacy and affection that produce anxiety and or destructive elements in family interaction.
Pseudohostility
Defense mechanism involving justifying one’s unacceptable feelings and behaviors by describing them in seemingly rational terms.
Rationalization
Defense mechanism in which an individual made anxious by unacceptable thoughts and feelings behaves in ways characteristic of an earlier, safer stage of development.
Regression
Process by which a family designates a member to be the object of displaced conflict or criticism. This family member is typically the identified patient.
Scapegoating
Interview technique used to determine the specific meaning of vague terms a client has used and to elicit specific information which might not otherwise be revealed. This helps the therapist understand the clients problem and prevents the therapist from having to make assumptions.
Seeking concreteness
Policy that includes such government decisions as those which affect the quality of life in the welfare of people.
Social policy
This policy focuses on changing social relationships, creating opportunities for disadvantage people, and is collective in terms of both resource use and meeting needs.
Social policy
