Helping Relationships Flashcards
The fourth stage of a crisis. It is characterized by disequilibrium and normally involves the following stages: physical and psychological agitation, preoccupation with the events leading to the crisis, and finally a gradual return to the state of equilibrium. The individual ordinarily recognizes during this state that his or her usual coping mechanisms are inadequate. Thus, he or she is usually highly motivated to seek and except outside help.
Active crisis state
A therapist response expressing agreement with the clients ideas, behaviors, or feelings.
Approval
Model of consultation in which changes in the skills and behaviors of the consultee or the consultee’s clients are emphasized. Also called the educational model.
Behavioral Model
Term used by Freud to describe a patient’s expression of repressed emotion parentheses. In psychotherapy this is usually accompanied by interpretations that help the client understand the meaning of his or her repressed emotions.
Catharsis
Type of therapy originally described by Carl Rogers, based on the belief that the individuals inherent potential for growth and improvement can be released by certain conditions: accurate empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard. Views abnormal behavior as the result of incongruence between self and experience. Also known as person centered and nondirective therapy.
Client centered therapy
Approach to family therapy which emphasizes the role of family interactions underlying pathology. For example, this type of therapist view double bind communication as a contributor to the development of schizophrenia.
Communications family therapy
The use of a specialist in a particular area to help with a work related problem. Usually occurs on an ad hoc basis and always has a problem-solving educational function.
Consultation
Method of family therapy that treats a number of unrelated couples in the same therapy group. Proponents claim such groups afford identification with others and the possibility of role-playing with non-familial members.
Couples group
According to Bowen, the separation of the intellect and emotion allowing an individual family member to resist being overwhelmed by the emotional states of other family members.
Differentiation
In psychodynamic theory, the amount of psychic energy available to an individual for resolving internal conflict, problem-solving, and defending against distress.
Ego strength
Maladaptive mode of living resulting from the inability to cope with existential anxiety. Characterized by avoidance and denial of personal responsibility and the non-acceptance of human free will.
Existential neurosis
Beliefs shared by all family members concerning each other and their relative positions in the family.
Family Myths
In psychoanalysis, the notion that psychosexual development can be arrested at a particular stage such that the personality becomes structured around the unresolved conflicts of that stage.
Fixation
The concept that organizational change, regardless of its intent or content, produces a positive affect on work and motivation and/or performance.
Hawthorne effect
This type of therapy is always conducted in imagination and involves presenting the feature stimulus vividly enough so as to arouse high levels of anxiety. D
Implosive therapy
Defense mechanism in which memories are separated from the emotions once accompanying them.
Isolation
Educational techniques used by supervisors to enhance counselors skills. Involves observing the counselor in session with a client by using a one-way mirror, sitting in on the session, etc. The supervisor notes specific points in the interaction, make suggestions, gives instructions etc. based on his/her observations.
Live supervision
Observational learning; the process in which learning occurs as a result of observing the behavior of others.
Modeling
The situation in which performance of a response terminates an adverse condition or stimulus. The removal of an adverse stimuli in order to increase a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement
Interview questions which define a topic area, but allow the client to respond in whatever way he/she chooses. Encourages the client to expand on information which is very personal and, thus, tends to elicit useful information.
Open ended questions
Therapeutic interventions in which the therapist deliberately gives the individual or family a directive the therapist wants the individual or family to resist. The change in the individual or family is a result of defiance of the therapist directive.
Paradoxical techniques
A written idea ratified by a legitimate authority that represents a guide to action.
Policy
Process which attempts to reduce tension by forming an image of an object that will remove the tension. Maternal dreams are examples of this.
Primary process
Type of psychotherapy that stresses the processes (usually unconscious) underlying behavior.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Technique of behavior therapy in which an unacceptable response is removed or eliminated by substituting an incompatible response. For example, the person is urged to relax when an anxiety-provoking stimilus is presented.
Reciprocal inhibition
Defense mechanism in which unacceptable Id impulses are kept out of conscious awareness by maintaining them in the unconscious. The most basic of the defense mechanisms.
Repression
An adaptation of psychodrama in which family members position themselves to reveal significant aspects of their perceptions and feelings. Such aspects include an individual members view of the emotional closeness or distance among family members. This process is performed non-verbally.
Sculpting
In operant conditioning, the method used to establish a behavior in which the individual is reinforced for displaying closer and closer approximations to the desired behavior.
Shaping
Therapy in which the clinician actively designs interventions to fit a problem
Strategic family therapy
According to Freud, the part of the personality serving as the individual’s conscience. This develops out of that Oedipus conflict and incorporate socital ethics and morals into the personality.
Superego
In behavioral approaches, the behavior selected for analysis and/or modification.
Target behavior
What is the first step in behavioral intervention?
Identifying the target behavior through behavioral assessment.
The artificial neurosis occurring during the course of psychoanalysis and involves the development of transference.
Transference neurosis
Technique used in the initial interview to illuminate barriers to rapport; involves having an informal conversation with a client unrelated to the clients reasons for seeking help.
Warming up period
Includes activities and skills geared toward making staff and processes, in an organization, operate in a way that achieves desired goals. Functions include planning, organizing, developing resources, budgeting, program evaluation, staff development, inter-organizational relations, public relations, and management.
Administration
In Jungian analytic theory, the structural components of the collective unconscious. These are inherited universal thought forms that create images corresponding to some aspect of reality.
Archetypes
The use of an apparatus to provide feedback to individuals about physiological responses that are usually unobservable. This helps the individual achieve control over those responses. Frequently used to help individuals control anxiety and its symptoms.
Bio feedback
Investment of psychic energy onto an object, idea, etc.
Cathexis
A family system in which honest self expression is viewed as deviant and differences are treated as dangerous. The general rule is that all members of the family must have the same opinions, feelings, and desires. These systems are unable to receive energy from the environment and become highly disorganized.
Closed system
According to Jackson, interactions based on different levels of relating and can possibly lead to rigidity or frustration. This involves people with different styles of communication.
Complementary communication
A technique primarily associated with behavioral family therapy, involving an agreement between two or more persons regarding the behavior change expected by one or all of the parties and the resulting consequences if the agreement is or is not honored.
Contingency contract
A type of adverse conditioning in which the client imagines engaging in the target behavior while simultaneously imagining an adverse stimulus.
Covert sensitization
A therapeutic technique used to teach clients how to behave differently, while actively involving a therapist in the family. This technique is based on the assumption that the professional training and experience of the counselor or therapist equip him or her to manage the therapeutic process and to guide the client’s behavior.
Directive
Communication skill used throughout the counseling process to, for example, initiate rapport, maintain the therapeutic relationship, and enable the therapist to move towards confronting a client’s problematic issues. Fundamental to this is reflecting and understanding and acceptance of not only a clients overtly expressed feelings, but also his/her underlying emotions. Can be conveyed through verbal and nonverbal communication.
Empathetic responding
Method of psychotherapy that involves complete empathy with clients as a means of bringing them to a full understanding of life’s meaning as they perceive it and as a means of reducing fear of risks associated with the acceptance of personal freedom
Existential psychotherapy
The original nuclear family of an adult; an adults parents and siblings.
Family of origin
A classical extinction technique that involves exposing the individual in vivo or in imagination to high anxiety arousing stimuli.
Flooding
A series of transactions with a set of an ulterior, concealed payoffs. These are common rituals and serve to inhibit the development of intimacy. (Satir)
Games
A type of game in which one family member placates, one blames or disagrees, and one distracts, making inappropriate, non-relevant statements. These games are common in families with a schizophrenic member.
Rescue games
Game in which two people agree while one disagrees, or two disagree while one agrees. It requires disturbed behavior to comply with this rule.
Coalition games
Game in which everybody placates and agrees at the expense of their own needs. This game is common in families with psychosomatic illness.
Lethal games
Game in which each person includes self and others in interactions. People can agree or disagree according to their own experiential reality and still remain a part of the system.
Growth game
A stressful circumstance disrupting an individuals equilibrium and initiates a series of actions and reactions. The event may be anticipated or unanticipated.
Hazardous event
In a real life situation as opposed to imagined.
In vivo
A process of determining how a job differs from other jobs in terms of required responsibilities, activities, and skills.
Job analysis
The first step in the development of a predictor used to identify behaviors necessary for satisfactory job performance and to identify appropriate criterion measures.
Job analysis
According to Bowen, the notion that several mental disorders requires several generations to develop. Small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead, over many generations, to marked differences in differentiation among the members of an extended family. The information creating these differences is transmitted across generations through relationships. The transmission occurs on several interconnected levels, ranging from the conscious teaching and learning of information to the automatic and unconscious programming of emotional reactions and behaviors. Relationally and genetically transmitted information interact to shape an individual’s “self.”
Multigenerational transmission system
Theorists whose ideas are based on the theories of Freud, but that differ in several important ways. Such as more emphasis on social and cultural factors and personality development and less emphasis on unconscious motivation.
Neo Freudians
Horney, Sullivan, Fromm, and Erickson are what type of theorists
Neo Freudians
The learning of a response occurring as a result of the positive or negative consequences following the response.
Operant conditioning
Which theorist developed the theory of operant conditioning
Skinner
A restatement of the continent of a clients message without reference to the messages underlying affect.
Paraphrase
Appraisal of a policy and how it was developed.
Policy analysis
What are the three ways of analyzing policies?
Study the process
Study the product
Study the performance
Formal activities, guided by norms and based on tradition or law, for accomplishing the tasks of an organization.
Procedures
According to Freud, the notion that personality development involves a sequence of five stages, when libidinal gratification shifts from one body area to another.
Psychosexual development
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
Step family or remarried family. Consist of a married husband and wife and his and/or her children from a previous marriage.
Reconstituted family
Basic changes in the structure and functioning of a system which alter its fundamental organization. This occurs when a therapeutic intervention fundamentally disrupts the pattern of symptomatic interactions so it ceases.
Second order change
Generally, avoidance behavior on the part of a client which defends against a therapists attempts at intervention. In psychoanalysis, the clients reluctance to bring into consciousness awareness repressed, threatening unconscious material.
Resistance
Pathological marriage relationship in which one partner dominates the other one. Generally, the weaker partner allows and even supports this relational dynamic, resulting in apparent harmony and pseudo mutuality.
Marital skew
Family therapy approach that is directed primarily toward changing family structure to alter the dysfunctional behaviors of its members. This type of therapy assesses the subsystems, boundaries, hierarchies, and coalitions within a family and focuses on direct interactions between the family members. This type of therapist actively participates in family interactions to affect such change.
Structural family therapy
Who is identified with structural family therapy
Minuchin
An educational and administrative procedure used to help counselors develop and improve their skills also provides quality assurance for clients
Supervision
Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the affect of mental disorders by reducing their duration and consequences.
Tertiary prevention
Process by which a two person emotional system under stress recruits a third person into the system to lower anxiety and increased stability.
Triangulation
In psychoanalysis, the process of gaining insight and personality/behavior change due to repeated examination or interpretation of a conflict or problem.
Working through
Freud second stage of psychosexual development (ages one through three years), when pleasure is centered on the function of elimination.
Anal stage
Fixation in this stage is associated with obsessive compulsive disorder.
Anal stage
Behavior therapy technique used to illuminate a maladaptive behavior by pairing the behavior with a real or imagined aversive stimulus.
Aversion therapy
The formal organization, with specific tasks, goals and a clearly defined hierarchy. Organizational procedures, rules, and regulations are clearly defined.
Bureaucracy
A type of learning involving the association of responses such that each response acts as the stimulus for the following response.
Chaining
Theorists who used chaining to explain the learning of complex behaviors.
Watson and Skinner
Therapies which recognize the basic conditioning factors that form behavior but also emphasize the role of cognitive mediation in the development and maintenance of behavior. These therapies propose that individual’s responses to environmental events are determined by their cognitive interpretations of those events.
Cognitive-Behavioral therapies
What are the four basic steps of conflict management?
Recognize the conflict
Assess the conflict
Select a strategy
Intervene
In organizations, this is unavoidable and can be useful for identifying problems and motivating personnel to change.
Conflict
In counseling, assigning a client to perform a task learned in counseling outside the session.
Contracting/Homework
According to psychoanalytic theory, the devices used by the ego to prevent conscious awareness of anxiety producing impulses, thoughts, desires, etc.
Defense mechanisms
List 7 defense mechanisms
Repression
Regression
Fixation
Denial
Projection
Reaction formation
Sublimation
Model of consultation in which the consultant looks over the problem area of the organization, makes the diagnosis, and prescribes the means for a cure.
Doctor patient model
According to this concept different causes can produce the same results. In other words a given state can be reached by many different means. There are several different pathways to the same result.
Equifinality
Therapy which combines various strategies in a context involving all the significant people in a persons life.
Extended family systems therapy
Regular predictable behaviors of the family that have a sense of rightness about them. They are the whole collection of observable behaviors that add up to rules. They may be conscious or unconscious and may increase family cohesiveness or be seen as burdensome.
Family rituals
Psychoanalytic technique in which the client explores his or her unconscious conflicts by spontaneously expressing whatever comes to mind.
Free association
In family therapy, schematic diagram of the family system including at least three generations. This maps recurring patterns of behavior, and includes critical events such as deaths, births, and rights of passage. It enables the therapist to gain specific information regarding ongoing family patterns.
Genogram
According to Freud, the aspect of the personality present at birth, operates on the basis of the pleasure principle, is the source of the libido, and is characterized by desire for immediate gratification of instinctual needs.
Id
According to Jung, the process of developing a fully formed self that is separate from their parents and others around them, by integrating disparate aspects of one’s personality.
Individuation
Although positively correlated with performance, correlation coefficients are typically very low. This is inversely related to absenteeism and turnover.
Job satisfaction
Who developed the mental health model?
Gerald Caplan
A model of consultation focusing on affecting changes in the attitudes and affect of the consultee. Also known as a psychodynamic model.
Mental health model of consultation
The theory that all human behavior is motivated by needs that are arranged in a hierarchical order.
Need hierarchy theory
Hierarchical order of the five needs in need theory
Physiological
Safety
Social
Ego
Self actualization
Shared expectations about how a member of a system ought to think, feel, and behave in relation to a particular issue.
Norms
A set of concepts/constructs that are related to each other and explain how individuals behave in social units
Organizational theory
The third stage of Freud psychosexual development (3-6 years-old) when gratification is centered on the genital area.
Phallic stage
In operant conditioning, situation in which the presence of a response or behavior elicits a rewarding condition so the response/behavior is strengthened or maintained.
Positive reinforcement
Superficial bickering in a family that blurs underlying issues of intimacy and affection that produce anxiety and or destructive elements in family interaction.
Pseudohostility
Defense mechanism involving justifying one’s unacceptable feelings and behaviors by describing them in seemingly rational terms.
Rationalization
Defense mechanism in which an individual made anxious by unacceptable thoughts and feelings behaves in ways characteristic of an earlier, safer stage of development.
Regression
Process by which a family designates a member to be the object of displaced conflict or criticism. This family member is typically the identified patient.
Scapegoating
Interview technique used to determine the specific meaning of vague terms a client has used and to elicit specific information which might not otherwise be revealed. This helps the therapist understand the clients problem and prevents the therapist from having to make assumptions.
Seeking concreteness
Policy that includes such government decisions as those which affect the quality of life in the welfare of people.
Social policy
This policy focuses on changing social relationships, creating opportunities for disadvantage people, and is collective in terms of both resource use and meeting needs.
Social policy
Defense mechanism that involves directing undesirable impulses into socially desirable goals.
Sublimation
Relationship based on equality or sameness. In such relationships, differences are minimized, role definitions are similar, and problems stem from competition.
Symmetrical relationship
Behavior therapy program, based on the principles of operant conditioning, in which individuals are given rewards whenever they engage in socially desirable/constructive behaviors. Rewards are later exchanged for special privileges etc.
Token economy
Defense mechanism in which an individual engages repeatedly in a behavior the opposite of a previously unacceptable action to negate the results of that previous action.
Undoing
Statements that are expressions of self responsibility, are based on personal awareness, leave room for the awareness of others, and encourage the disclosure of differences.
“I” statements
Notes and records related to the client that are of interest to the counseling professional but do not belong in the more thorough cumulative folder.
Anecdotal folder
The goal of Gestalt psychology experiential therapies. Involves understanding one’s self in the here and now, including understanding one’s self defeating tendencies.
Awareness
A meeting of professional staff and others to discuss a client problems, objectives, intervention plans, and prognosis. Goals are to improve communication, generate new ideas, and to improve services.
Case conference
Systems theory term referring to the nonlinear, recursive nature of interactions in families and other organized systems, where events are related to a series of interacting loops or repeating cycle.
Circular causality
Two or more professionals working together to serve a client. Although the professionals may work relatively independently, they communicate and coordinate their efforts to avoid duplication of services. They may work as members of a single helping team. There’s also takes place among organizations working on projects.
Collaboration
An honest or constructive reaction by the therapist to an element of the clients behavior. It usually involves pointing out discrepancies, conflict, and mixed messages in the clients thoughts actions and feelings.
Confrontation
Defense mechanism in which an emotional conflict or anxiety is transformed into a physical symptom.
Conversion
Term used to explain the process of Bowens family therapy.
De triangulation
A set of contradictory communications from the same person.
Double bind communication.
General systems theory concept that one cause may produce different results.
Equipotentiality
In classical conditioning, the decay of a conditioned response as a result of the repeated presentation of the condition stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
Extinction
In operant conditioning, the elimination of a response or behavior as a result of removal of reinforcement
Extinction
Rules that determine the ongoing behavior of the members in the system as coined by Satie
Family rules
Allotment of money to an organization for program implementation during a specific period of time.
Funding
A meaningful organized, whole
Gestalt
Unconscious process whereby the individual incorporates another person or object into his or her ego system and then behaves toward the person or object as though it had originated from within the self. Also, internalization of the characteristics of the same sex parent into one’s super ego.
Identification
Self-awareness, Especially with regard to one’s motives.
Insight
In structural family therapy, the therapists linking with the family as a group and with each family member by showing he or she understands their unique experiences. This involves adopting a families typical behaviors and patterns of communication.
Joining
Communication about how a piece of information should be interpreted.
Meta-communication
A process for determining job performance requirements and employee performance deficits before developing a training program.
Needs analysis
A Family consisting of a husband, wife, and their children.
Nuclear family
Evaluation that assesses whether a program is achieving its objectives and whether this is due to the programs interventions.
Outcome evaluation
Orientation in psychology which views the human as unique, creative, and controlled by his or her own value choices. Psychologist of this type emphasize growth, self actualization, and self fulfillment.
Phenomenological (humanistic) psychology
The event that converts a vulnerable state into a crisis state.
Precipitating factor
Pretense of family harmony masking underlying splits and deeper affections and frustrates further examination and exploration.
Pseudomutuality
Defense mechanism involving replacing an anxiety arousing impulse with its direct opposite.
Reaction formation
In behavior therapy, a method which increases or strengthens the tendency that a behavior will occur again.
Reinforcement
Method of delivering intermittent reinforcement to maintain and apparently conditioned response.
Schedule of reinforcement
What are the four schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed interval Fixed ratio Variable interval Variable ratio
The process of developing ones potential to its fullest. The striving for the fulfillment of one’s needs and potential.
Self actualization
According to psychoanalytic theory, primitive defense in which the individual represses or dissociates feelings threatening to his or her psychological well-being. Leads to fragmented self, in which the person is out of touch with his or her feelings.
Splitting
An element or functional component that is its self a system, but also plays a specialized role in the operation of a larger system.
Subsystem
Type of behavior therapy using classical conditioning, in which an anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation. Involves relaxation training, constructing an anxiety hierarchy, desensitization in imagination, and in vivo desensitization.
Systematic desensitization
Structural family therapy technique in which the therapist helps the family elaborate the details of behaviors in order to clarify the nature of its problem. Permits a family a new in expanded version of reality there by taking the focus off the identified patient.
Tracking
Method of service evaluation that assesses the kind an amount of service that exists and is provided in order to determine if the service is warranted.
Utilization review
A board comprised of individuals who have particular expertise: their role is to provide information, expert opinion, and recommendations to an organization about how it’s goals can be achieved. The members may be hired, elected, or drafted as volunteers.
Advisory board
 therapist response involving paying proper attention to the client.
Attending
A group of individuals that establishes and organizations policies and objectives and supervises the activities of personnel charge with implementing those policies.
Board of directors
Family in which sources of gratification are seen as existing outside rather than inside the family. These are forces that push family members apart.
Centrifugal family
Interview questions which to find a topic, but limit a clients answers to factual or yes/no responses.
Close ended questions
Dyadic relationships based on differences which fit together. In other words, the tendency of member A in a relationship is enhanced by the tendency of member B.
Complementary relationship
Fielder’s theory of leader ship effectiveness, which proposes that leader ship effectiveness is related to an interaction of the leader style and the nature of the situation.
Contingency theory
A client/students record Relevant to counseling or educational records. It is generally considered to be the permanent record.
Cumulative folder
According to Minuchin, The psychological isolation that results when there are strong, impenetrable, or rigid boundaries between individuals or sub systems in a family. This happens when an individual is not involved in many of the family systems day-to-day interactions.
Disengagement
The ability to perceive, I understand, and experience the emotional state of another person.
Empathy
A school of philosophy focusing on human existence, as opposed to abstract, impersonal, and rationally behaving systems.
Existentialism
The family an individual establishes through marriage and reproduction.
Family of procreation
Interview technique used to keep the conversation from wandering or jumping from one subject to another.
Focusing responses
Siri that the whole can be understood only in terms of the organization and interaction of its components. This is a theoretical framework underlying family therapy.
General systems theory
Refers to the need for clients to focus on the present, enriching current experiences, and living each moment to its fullest.
Here and now
An educational program offered to employees by their employer. Education is typically in skills and knowledge related to job performance.
In-service training
An analysis of job requirements for the purpose of setting wages.
Job evaluation
A person who is in touch with his or her feelings, can’t communicate clearly to others, and views differentness as an opportunity for growth.
Maturation according to Satir
A therapeutic approach formulated by Arnold Lazarus that considers the personality to be divided into seven major areas of functioning.
Multimodal therapy
Seven major areas of functioning of the personality according to multi modal therapy (BASIC ID)
Behavior Affective responses Sensations Images Cognitions Interpersonal relationships Drugs
Therapeutic method developed by Speck and Attneave in which a large number of family friends are assembled to assist in working on a patient’s problem. 
Network therapy
Freud’s first stage of psychosocial development (age 0 to 12 months), when pleasure is centered on the mouth area
Oral stage
Technique used to reflect an understanding of the cognitive aspects of what a client has said.
Paraphrasing
In counseling, assessments carried out to obtain information that can be used to improve social programs and social service accountability. Involves using applied social research to discover the extent to which social programs are carried out efficiently and effectively.
Program evaluation
Ericksons theory of personality development, involving eight stages, each of which is characterized by conflict between the individual and society.
Psychosocial development
A restatement, with particular reference to the emotion of a clients message.
Reflection
Ellis’ therapeutic approach, based on the notion that psychological disturbance results from self indoctrinated, unrealistic, and illogical thoughts.
Rational emotive therapy (RET)
Community mental health intervention that attempts to reduce the prevalence of mental disorders by reducing their duration to early detection and intervention.
Secondary prevention
Organization providing social services under the auspices of a board of directors.
Social agency
Networks of interdependencies, sequences of interactions, and behavioral exchanges which can constitute a social system beyond the perception of an individual
Structures
A therapist response indicating that the clients thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are not unusual.
Support
When a therapist uses an intervention which may seem contradictory to the therapeutic objective but is used to bring about desire change consistent with the goals for therapy.
Therapeutic paradox
Occurs when a person says one thing but means another. Often used to promote psychological games
Ulterior transactions
Model of consultation in which the consultant attempts to contribute to large scale societal change by encouraging an organizations members to except and acknowledge inherent gender, race, age, and class conflict within the organization
Advocacy model
Professionals who practice without being under the auspices of an agency or other formal organization. Such professionals usually determine their own procedures and policies, according to the goals and objectives of their practice; however they are expected to follow the ethical and procedural guidelines established by their profession.
Autonomous practice
The abstract emotional barriers protecting or enhancing the integrity of individuals, sub systems, and families.
Boundaries
Family that feels family members hold a greater promise for the fulfillment of crucial relationship needs from the outside world. The outside world is considered threatening and separation is therefore difficult. This style binds children to the family.
Centripetal family
A type of therapy which views dysfunctional behavior as resulting from maladaptive thinking and emphasizes the empirical evaluation of treatment principles and techniques. Focuses on the clients thinking process, motivations, and reasons for certain behaviors.
Cognitive therapy
Marital therapy in which an individual therapist treated each spouse separately.
Concurrent therapy
Training provided to individuals who are already professionals but seek to update their skills and/or knowledge in their field.
Continuing education
The delegation of responsibilities and activities by the leader ship level of an organization to lower level organization members who are closer to the problem or activity.
Decentralization
Defense mechanism in which hostile or otherwise unacceptable impulses are discharged by expressing them toward a neutral or non-threatening target rather than the original target.
Displacement
A family where there are diffuse and undifferentiated psychological boundaries between sub systems and between individuals. This result in a loss of autonomy and is characterized by high degree of resonance and rec Tivitt he between individuals in a family. In this style, relationships tend to be undifferentiated and closed.
Enmeshed boundaries
Two or more nuclear families affiliated by blood ties over at least three generations.
Extended family
Refers to the process by which parental conflicts and emotional immaturity are transmitted onto the children.
Family projective process
Assessment of a program as it is being developed; viewed as less threatening then summative evaluation because it results in the modification of a program rather than its continuation or termination.
Formative evaluation
Floyd’s fifth stage of psychosexual development when sexual gratification is achieved through sexual intercourse.
Genital stage
The self maintenance of a system in a state of equilibrium or balance by reducing deviation so the system So the system maintain status quo.
Homeostasis
A form of psychotherapy that stresses the unity of the individual.
Individual psychology
The physical and mental energy exerted to achieve a goal. Along with ability, a determinant of performance.
Job motivation
An intervention associated with disagreements between groups designed to help them settle their differences, find compromises, Or we can usually satisfactory agreements.
Mediation
Clinical method, in which several families are treated at once in a group family format. Designed to help family members learn indirectly by observing how well or how poorly others accomplished a similar task, such as parenting
Multiple family therapy
Therapeutic technique that redefines a symptom of a problem as normal or quasi-normal behavior.
Normalizing
Persons trying to carry out specific tasks, who worked closely with an R supervised by professionals. Carry out tasks formerly done by the professional.
Paraprofessional
Feedback which forces a family into new ways of behaving by making old ways of behaving untenable. A process in which the end products of an action cause more of that action to occur in a feedback loop. This amplifies the original action.
Positive feedback
Defense mechanism that involves attributing one’s own unacceptable id impulses to others.
Projection
In operant conditioning, a consequence of a behavior resulting in the suppression of that behavior.
Punishment
Therapeutic intervention, used by structural family therapists, which redefines a Family’s description of a behavior to make it more amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Reframing
Therapeutic technique in which a client or family member acts out a problem. It is most effective when clients tend to operate on an intellectual level.
Role-playing
According to Freud, the ego process that satisfies id needs by formulating plans consistent with reality. Realistic thinking.
Secondary process
Theoretical orientation and treatment method which incorporates behavioral theory and internal cognitive processes. Emphasizes reciprocal relationships and the clients ability to learn new responses through observation and imitation.
Social learning theory
Interview technique in which a therapist evaluate information a client has given and decides whether or not it warrants further exploration.
Structuring responses
According to Jackson, a type of communication that involves two equals and may involve difficulties with competition an escalation.
Symmetrical communication
Behavioral technique in which, as a result of miss behavior, an individual is temporarily removed from an environment which reinforces the behavior. A form of punishment used to decrease the occurrence of an undesirable behavior.
Time out
The fused cluster of egos of individual family members with a common ego boundary.
Undifferentiated ego mass
Actions taken by an agency to ensure that its services are available to the target population. Examples include educating the public about the service, establishing convenient referral procedures, and having ombudsman services to deal with obstacles about getting the service.
Access provisions
According to Freud, a state that results when the ego is unable to reconcile the incompatible demands of the id, super ego, and reality. The state of ‘psychic distress’.
Anxiety
Therapies which view behavior as resulting from learning and direct their attention towards overt, observable and measurable behaviors and events rather than subjective reports or inferences.
behavior therapy
Involves coordinating the activities of all providers who are serving the needs of one client. The goal is to ensure that the providers services are consistent, additive, non-duplicative, and pursuing the same goals. Occurs both between and within organizations.
Case integration
Therapist response designed to clarify a confusing part of the clients message
Clarification
Method of therapy in which different therapists treat individual family members. It was used in family and marital counseling. In this method, the different therapist worked together in the treatment of the individual family members.
Collaborative therapy
Communication in which two or more messages are sent via different levels, but none of the messages seriously contradict any of the others.
Congruent communication
The elimination of a conditioned response through the learning of a new, incompatible response. Used in behavior therapy to replace an unacceptable behavior with a more acceptable one.
Counterconditioning
According to Freud, the aspect of the personality associated with rational thoughts. This relies on the reality principle to mediate between the other parts of the personality and external reality.
Ego
The systematic assessment of a programs outcome
Evaluation research
A longitudinal view of a family’s development including both expected and unexpected or traumatic phases.
Family life cycle
What are the six stages of the family life cycle
Separation from one’s parents
Marriage,
Having children
Aging
Retirement
Death
Alder believed this to be the primary determiner of personality development. The source of the drive which pushes the individual toward new attainments and achievements or, alternatively, towards neurosis.
Feelings of inferiority
Interview technique used to convey an interest in and attention to what clients are saying and encourage then to continue verbalizing. Include verbal and nonverbal minimal prompts and accent responses.
Furthering responses
Form of therapy based on the concepts of “the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts” emphasizing here and now awareness of personal thoughts, sensations, and feelings. Uses a variety of techniques to help the client gain awarenesss and develop his or her full potential.
Gestalt Therapy
The individual with the presenting symptoms often the family member or person who initially seeks treatment
Identified patient
A therapeutic approach that considers the level of functioning and integration a person possesses with regard to the following areas: affective/emotional state, behavior, thoughts and cognitions, and physiological state.
Integrative Psychotherepy
A therapist response which encourages a client to talk about some aspect of self or experience. A prompt to the client
Lead
Reciprocal relationship in which a person allows or forces a second person to be in charge.
Metacomplementary Relationship
Technique used to evaluate client requirements in terms of problems, existing resources, potential solutions, and obstacles ro problem solving.
Needs Assessment (NA)
Psychodynamic-systems term for interpersonal relations. Refers to internalized images of the self and others based on early caretaker-child relationships which become the model for subsequent relationships in the family of origin, mate selection, family of procreation, and other intimate relationships.
Object Relations
Defense mechanism involving extreme efforts to overbalance some real or imagined shortcoming.
Overcompensation
Type of psychotherapy in which toys are used to help clients act out conflicts or demonstrate situations they cannot verbalize.
Play Therapy
A paradoxical intervention where the therapist tells the family members to do the very thing that they find problematic. This forces the patient to either give up the symptom or admit that it is under voluntary control.
Perscribing the Symptom
Freudian psychotherapy using a set of therapeutic techniques to uncover unconscious thoughts, feelings, etc.
Psychoanalysis
According to Freud, the ego function which gratifies id needs in a manner consistent with the realistic demands of the environment.
Reality principle
Stage of crisis that involves restoration of the individuals equilibrium and depends on a number of factors including the individuals ability to objectively evaluate the crisis and develop and use effective coping strategies
Reintergration
The overt pathology in a marital relationship, characterized by a failure to achieve role reciprocity or complementarity of purpose, leading to chronic family difficulties.
Marital schism
The disclosure of personal information by a therapist to further the client relationship.
Self-Disclosure
Recruiting and hiring applicants and volunteers; promoting, transferring, and firing employees, and providing staff development.
Staffing
A therapist response which ties together several things brought up by the client, either in one message or over a period of time.
Summarization
model of consultation which attempts to bring about changes in the system wide functions of an organization. Also called the process model.
Systems model
Berne”s theraputic approach focusing on interactions between people. Based on the notion that each individual possesses three ego states: Child, Parent, and adult.
Transactional Analysis
Interview technique used to provide feedback to a client which indicates an understanding of what he/she has said. Not intended to direct a discussion or ask a question, but rather, used to affirm what has been said through paraphrasing or empathetic responding.
Verbal following response
The duty of a professional to notify the public about its functions and methods and to provide assurances to its consumers that members of the profession meet certain standards of competence.
Accountability
The designation of funds to a specific group, agency, or program. These funds are typically allocated by a governmental agency to enable the recipient to meet a specific goal.
Appropriation
Type of family therapy defining the families problem in overt behavioral terms and uses problem-solving solutions acceptable to all members. Each family member is considered involved in the symptom. Treatment emphasizes learning and communication skills training is a common feature
Behavioral family therapy
Involves planning, seeking, and monitoring services from different social agencies and staff on behalf of a client.
Case management
A type of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with a stimulus that elicits a certain response, eventually elicits the response itself. Also known as Pavlovian conditioning.
Classical conditioning
According to Jung, the part of the unconscious containing memories accumulated throughout the history of the human race. Contains the archetypes
Collective unconscious
Clinical method that represented a departure from traditional individual psychotherapy. Involves a single therapist treating a marriage or family by seeing both spouses together or the whole family in the same session. Generally refers to the treatment of two or more persons in a session together.
Conjoint family therapy
In psychoanalysis, the analyst’s unconscious emotional responses to the client. Such responses can interfere with the analyst’s objectivity.
Counter transference
Behavioral technique in which the target behavior is decreased by consistently reinforcing all behaviors except the target behavior. Such as rewarding desired behavior and ignoring undesired (target) behavior.
Differential reinforcement for other behaviors (DRO)
Psychoanalytic psychologists who emphasize the strengths and weaknesses of the ego, have a more optimistic view of human kind than Freud, and reject Freud’s biological, instinctual emphasis on personality development.
Ego psychologists
The anxiety associated with fear of risks which accompany the process of accepting and increasing personal freedon and achieving self-actualization.
Existential anxiety
The symbolic representation of family structure, created from the therapist’s observations of a family. Reflects the arrangement of a family around issues of concern. It attempts to illustrate coallitions and boundaries and helps the therapist plan the course of therapy.
Family Map
Superficial changes in a system which leave unaltered the fundemental organization of the system. The changes may look dramatic and radical, but the system itself remains the same in terms of process and dynamics. The symptom may no longer be symptomatic in the original way, but is symptomatic in a new way.
First-order Change
Refers to the blurring of intellectual and emotional boundaries between the self and others arising out of an overly strong emotional attachment.
Fusion
The transfer of money or other assets from a government organization, or person to another organization or person so that the latter can achieve a particular purpose. Assets or money usually does not have to be repaid
Grant
An evaluation technique used to measure the effects of a new social policy or law; indicates the extent to shich the targeted community has been affected.
Impact Analysis
In psychoanalysis, a therapist’s description of the underlying meaning or significance of a client’s free association, dreams, transference, etc.
In general counseling, a hypothesis about cause and effect relationships or meaning amoung client’s thoughts, behaviors, or feelings.
Interpretation
Therapist joins with the family by imitating the style or content of its communication. Joining method that establishes a common base with the family fron which the therapist may then intervene in a family.
Mimesis
Feedback that attempts to recalibrate a system that is in trouble and to restore the previous state of equilibrium
Negative Feedback
The incestual attraction the boy has toward his mother and its accompanying desire to kill the rival for his mother’s affection and fear of castration by his father. This occurs during the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
Oedipus Conflict
A statement to the family which overtly strengthens or promotes the homeostatic defences and does not arouse resistance. The statement directs family members to continue their symptomatic behavior. If followed, it reveals control, and, therefore, exposes the secondary gon of the patient’s symptomatic behavior for the family. If the family rebels, they give up their symptoms.
Paradoxical Perscription
The function of the ID that reduces tension by gratifying instinctual needs without regard for logic, reality or morality.
Pleasure Principle
Community mental health intervention aimed at reducing the prevalence of mental disorders by reducing the incidence of new cases.
Primary Prevention
Therapeutic technique which involves having clents dramatically act out the conflicts they are having with other people or other situations.
Psychodrama
Therapeutic technique focusing on developing the clients ability to cope with the stress is a reality and assume responsibility for fulfilling his or her own needs, especially the need for identity.
Reality therapy
Refers to defining the symptoms in interpersonal terms instead of the individual ones usually presented by the family. Usually involves a negative one to a positive one.
Relabeling
The life plan or pattern each person develops early in life and uses throughout his or her life to meet needs. Operates on an unconscious level.
Scripts
Any event capable of affecting an organism (i.e., eliciting a response from an organism)
Stimulus
Type of verbal following response used to summarize the content and/or affective components of a long client statement.
Summarizing Responses
Theory that, when applied to family therapy, delineates the interrelatedness of family members to one another. In this theory, it is believed that change in one family member necessitates/causes change in other members.
Systems Theory
In psychoanalysis, the clients experience of feelings, attitudes, fantasies, etc. toward the therapist, which represent a repetition or displacement of reactions to significant others in the clients past. Considered the corner stone of psychoanalysis.
Transference
An individuals reaction to a hazardous event. This is ordinarily linked to the individuals subjective interpretation of the event. The state is characterized by an increase in tension, which the individual attempts to alleviate by using one or more of his or her usual coping strategies. If the strategies are unsuccessful, the individuals tension continues to increase and, as a result, he or she eventually becomes unable to function effectively.
Vulnerable state
