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Hist 216 - individuals > help w study bae > Flashcards

help w study bae Flashcards

1
Q

who was the first ruling family of Rus

A

the Rurikids

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2
Q

who creates the idea to split regions for princes to govern separately

A

vladimir because it promoted peace and protected borders against neighbours

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3
Q

vladimir

A

ruled during the 10th century, imposed christianity on his subjects, started the principality autonomous regions

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4
Q

why was christianity important?

A

promoted homogenization, legitimized rulers as divinely chosen,

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5
Q

rota system

A

a system in which power was passed laterally not vertically

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6
Q

what principality is central in Kievan rus times?

A

Kiev

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7
Q

kievan rus period

A

(1015–1125)

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8
Q

during kievan rus period what was the second most important political party?

A

the orthodox church

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9
Q

when did the mongols invade

A

1130

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10
Q

what was batu khans mongol empire called?

A

the golden horde

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11
Q

which principality receives first patent from the mongols?

A

vladimir (prince iraslav receives patent)

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12
Q

what do mongols make princes do

A

pay tributes by extracting money from taxes

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13
Q

what were the effects of the Mongol invasion?

A
  1. they extracted valuable resources as tribute
  2. many cities were ransacked
  3. turned Russian trade routes to the East
  4. long time to rebuild due to Mongol devastation which set them back several years (economically)
  5. killed many rurikid princes
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14
Q

after the mongols invaded how were princes determined

A

not by rurikid tradition but chosen by mongol favour

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15
Q

what was the ruling family during the period of Mongol decline

A

the Daniilovichi’s in the 14th century

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16
Q

what was the battle of Kulikovo field?

A

a battle fought by Dmitrii against the Mongol Khan Mamai, in 1380, Dmitrri wins and mongols authority is reduced

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17
Q

by 1425 what was the largest russian principality?

A

Moscow because it had the same leaders for a duration of time which allowed it to develop economically

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18
Q

who was the first prince to establish a dynastic claim (primogeniture) to the throne?

A

Vasily II, chose his son to be heir instead of his brothers

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19
Q

tatars

A

the khans servitors who would become an ethnicity

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20
Q

collapse of the golden horde when?

A

15th century, Muscovy becomes the most powerful russian principality

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21
Q

Ivan III

A
  • grand prince of moscow
  • battled other russian princes to expropriate their territories
  • first russian leader to use the title of Tsar
  • uses the word autocrat as well
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22
Q

pomest’e system

A

land/resources are distributed to the nobility based on who serves the Tsar the individual will get land in exchange for service (fosters loyalty and allegiance) (makes being closer to the TSar more benificial)

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23
Q

duma

A

a body of boyars who serve as a consultative body to the Tsar

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24
Q

Ivan IV

A
  • takes over in 16th century
  • starts war in 1552 against Kazan
  • conquers Kazan
  • loses livonian war
  • splits his realm into oprichnina (personal force of loyal men) and zemschina
  • his son fedor takes the throne and is the last rurikid (to feeble minded)
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25
Q

what were pomeshchiki exempt from?

A

paying taxes and they were tried in a court of their own peers

26
Q

Boyars (the elites) importance was based on

A

military service

  • bravery and valor in battle could help a boyar move up in society
  • reduced the importance of hereditary elites
27
Q

what was the church responsible for ?

A

the population’s spritual health and standardization of popular religious practicies
- non orthodox practices were considered the wrong way to practice christianity

28
Q

The Domostroi

A

contained rules for household management and how to protect ones honour

  • directed at the husbands and fathers
  • was mostly a religious admonition
  • emphasis on virtues of pity, meekness, obedience (must be cultivated in women)
29
Q

how were women treated? kept apart from others?

A
  • women and men were kept apart to preserve a women’s chastity and a family’s honour
  • the elite women lived in the “terem” (private space occupied only by woman, which was considered a mark of higher social status)
30
Q

what characterized Muscovite Russian society?

A
  • extremely hierarchical and patriarchal
31
Q

Boris Godunov

A
  • (late 16th/17th century)
    member of the regncy during the rule of Fedor I
  • was considered low born with an illegitimate rule
  • still was crowned Tsar by council of boyars
  • Nagoi clan was unhappy with this
  • his reign was unpopular
32
Q

Dmitrii Ivanovich

A
  • Ivan the terribles son
  • dies under suspicious circumstances in 1591
  • many blame godunov for having him assassinated
33
Q

The story of the false dmitrii

A
  • 1603
  • man claims to be dmitrii ivanovich
  • raises an army and tries to start an uprising with an army that marches on Moscow
  • succeeds in taking the throne but is soon killed for having a polish wife
34
Q

when did the time of troubles allegedly come to an end?

A

in 1613, when Mikhail Romanov is elected as Tsar

- as he brings back order and rein states old aristocrats

35
Q

why did the romanov dynasty last 300 years?

A

they strenghtened the institution of Tsarist autocracy through modernizing and standardizing reforms

36
Q

Fedor III

A

Aleksei’s son with his first wife Maria Miloslavskaia

37
Q

why was the law code (ulozhenie) created in 1649?

A
  • riots in Moscow after reforms, such as the price of taxes on salt which hit the poor populations the hardest
  • law code formalizes relations between citizens and the state (peasants and nobles)
  • thus codifying serfdom
38
Q

Fedor III

A
  • Aleksei’s son with his first wife, Mariia Miloslavskaia

- his death in 1682 triggers a succession crisis which leads to the reign of Sophia

39
Q

Peter I (18th century)

A
  • had modernization agenda
  • recruited dutch ship builders to build a modern navy
  • had skills like dentistry
  • peter divorces his wife to marry commoner mistress Catherine I
  • turned boyars into civil administrators
  • starts war against sweden and renames russsian tsardom russian empire
  • institutes beard tax
  • imports western foods like salad
  • builds st petersburg (1703) and moves the capital there
  • 1722 - changes rules so the TSar can choose his heir
  • created the Table of Ranks so that nobles would have to work to achieve higher ranks based on meritocracy
40
Q

why did the church not like Peter?

A
  • his modernizing reforms and he subordinates the church to the imperial state
  • puts limits on their funding
  • turns it into a state institution
41
Q

18th century was mainly ruled by who?

A

women

42
Q

Catherine II (the great)

A
  • is chosen to marry Peter III
  • convers to orthodoxy
  • 1762, coup agaisnt her husband puts her in control
  • probably murders her husband
  • absorbs Krenaia and Poland into empire
  • incorporates more diversity of european languages
  • promotes education for woman and advocates for literacy
  • introduced enlightenment ideas from france (philosophers like voltaire)
  • updated russian laws which prohibited torture
  • after pugachev rebellion she no longer supports enlightenment ideas
  • burns russian books
43
Q

Paul I

A
  • catherine the greats son
  • changed succesion laws so only a direct male hei could inherit the throne
  • was not popular and killed by nobles as he made reforms like dumb outfits and wigs
  • ordered everyone to speak russian and was against enlightenment
  • also gets rid of the right to give land to children
  • caused the discussion that there should be limits to sovereign power and the tsar
44
Q

Alexander I

A
  • early 19th century
  • wanted to rule more like catherine the great
  • did not make major reforms however
  • made it illegal for serfs to be marketed for sale
  • alexander I’s defeat of napolean led him to play a big part in postwar european settlement
  • abandoned reforms and had a spiritual awakening which caused him to seek monarchical/christian values in Europe through the Holy Alliance
  • saviour or europe for liberating it from revolutionary reforms and is put in charge of post war european settlements
45
Q

Mikhail Speransky

A
  • wanted seperation between state powers
46
Q

what did war with napolean achieve?

A

the war was a war of attrition after napoleans army invaded russia in 1812

  • helped to give russians a national identity so they refered to it as a “patriotic war”
  • moscow gets burned to the ground
47
Q

Nikolai Karamzin

A
  • argued that there were beneifts of autocracy and the seperation of powers
  • pushed alexander to strenghten his existing institutions instead of making new ones
48
Q

Nicholas I

A
  • accession was protested by 3,000 revolutionaries but his older brother did not want to be Tsar
  • was paul’s youngest son
  • came into power during age of counter enlightenment
  • strenghtehened the autocracy
  • decembrist revolt (1825) caused him to create repressive measures in place to root out conspiracies
  • creates the “third section” or (secret police)
  • censorship reforms made all texts need to be checked by the third section and allowed anything controversial to be baned or edited
  • orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality was his saying
  • institued through education which increased accessibility to higher education
  • codified russia’s laws with Mikhail speransky
49
Q

when was russia’s social hiearchy categorized

A 
- 1832 during Nicholas I's rule "law on estates" 
divided the hierarchy into 4 groups 
1. nobility
2. clergy 
3. urban dwellers 
4. rural dwellers
50
Q

what did the crimean war expose of Russia

A

they lost their influence in the black sea region and also had their weaknesses exposed by their military, economic, and social problems

51
Q

2 categories of Feudally dependent peasants

A

“seignoral” - lived on nobles estates and worked for them

“state” - lived on state land and paid money dues (were not indebted)

52
Q

when did serfdom start?

A

around the 16th century

  • with the appearance of the pomest’e system (land for service)
  • persisted into 19th century
53
Q

serf lyfe #peasants

A
  • serfs lived and worked together on commes with households that each had a male head
  • each male head voted in the commune’s village assembly to make economic, administrative, and judicial decisions that affected the community as whole
  • women were subordinate to their husbands but worked alongside men in the fields
  • taxes, land, conscription
  • by making everyone in the community responsible for collective/joint things like taxes the state had control
  • peasanst got married very young and had lots of children
  • had many rebellions against boyars, but not against the tsar who they belived to be a divine figure who had their interests in mind
54
Q

land repartition for peasants

A
  • household had a right to land but it was based on which family had economically stronger peasants (the stronger the best land was given to them) thus it was repartitioned
  • long strips scattered through fields around the village
55
Q

serf’s two obligations to landlords

A
  • financial obligations to their landlords or labour service
  • they could provide entertainment as domestic servants to their masters
  • some nobles thought of themsleves as “enlightened” and allowed talented serfs to be educated or leave the estate
  • could manumit them from serfdom and let them be artisans or townspeople
56
Q

why did peasants allow serfdom to go on so long

A
  • peasants wanted freedom but not to give up their land
  • landlords had total control over peasants life as all payments and labour operated under them
  • peasants thought they had hsitorical and moral right to the land
57
Q

russification - taking over non Russian states and incorporating them into

A
  • over the course of the 19th century the tsarist state used “russification” to neutralize unrest (particularly in western borderlands - ukraine, poland, central asia, siberia)
  • ehtnic groups were not equal in the russian empire - russians were at the top
  • sometimes russification was “denationalization” in poland which meant to deny the existence of seperate language and culture (ukrainian/belarusian), physically displacing national groups, and replacing them with ethnic russians (siberia/central asia)
58
Q

why were poles so harshly retaliated against?

A

they enjoyed a certain level of autonomy in imperial russia so when they had many uprisings they were put down aggressively
- were considered troublesome :/

59
Q

what was the term “intelligentsia”

A
  • group that emerged in the 1830s-1840’s
  • some were noble but mainly reffered to educated people who were in opposition of the government and social conventions
  • they wrote about ethics, individuality, spirituality :what does it mean to be russian
  • included westernizers - who thought russia was backwards and should recreate westenr europes institutions
  • slavophiles - russia had a historic mission and that it would triumph over the west who they saw as a decadent and decaying society (some supported autocracy some did not, some wanted to abolish serfdom)
  • however they were united by dissapointment with autocracy and despair
60
Q

why were social novels important to russia?

A
  • many in the intelligentsia group were literary critics
  • critics like Vissarion Belinksy commented on autocracy, serfdom, and social ills
  • with nicholas I’s censorhip laws they had to publish most of their ideas abroad
  • journals were important for criticizing the russian government
61
Q

Alexander II “tsar liberator”

A

Knew he was going to be the Tsar
Wanted to be a western style monarch who would liberate the people with liberal reforms
Wanted to be seen as a cosmopolitan humanitarian
Is committed to autocracy however
Delegates authority to “intellectual” enlightened bureaucrats who take control over respective sectors (economy, education etc)
Had european educations which would modernize russia
Economically they were vulnerable because of foreign loans owed after the crimean war
Publishes state spendings to expose russias budget
Results in a reform agenda which is referred to as “the great reforms”
Zemstovs

Hist 216 - individuals (1 decks)

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