Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Help Me pls > Flashcards

Help Me pls Flashcards

1
Q

Define Hypertension

A

Persistently high blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MOA of Diuretics

A

Depletes body sodium stores which increases water loss from
body, resulting in decreasing blood volume and lowered cardiac output
resulting in lower BP. In short, diuretics ‘dehydrate’ the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Side effects of Diuretics

A

1.Hypokalemia (low K) except for potassium-sparing diuretics
2. Hyponatremia (low Na)
3. Impaired glucose tolerance
4. Increase serum lipids
5. Hyperuricemia (may precipitate gout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MOA of Beta-Blockers

A

Initially when therapy is first started , ↓HR leading to ↓CO.
- But reflex peripheral vasoconstriction kicks in to counter the above effects so Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) up , no ↓ in BP
Within a few days, inhibition of release of Noradrenaline leading to SVR ↓; BP ↓

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Side effects of BB

A
  1. Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
  2. Fatigue, reduced exercise capacity
  3. Smooth muscle spasm (Bronchospasm, Cold
    Extremities)
  4. Increase insulin resistance (hyperglycemia)
  5. Insomnia, vivid dreams, depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Calcium Channel Blocker (CCB)
2 Categories

A
  1. Dihydropyridines (DHP)
  2. Non-dihydropyridines (Non-DHP)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

MOA of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)

A

Peripheral arterial dilation : Lowers SVR hence lowers BP
Mild diuretic effect (especially DHPs)
* Inhibit aldosterone
* Na+ reabsorption decrease
* Overall fluid retention decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Side effects of CCB

A

Minor Side Effects
1. Bilateral ankle oedema
2. Headache
3. Flushing
4. Constipation

Severe & Rare Side Effects
1. Excess hypotension, resulting in organ under-perfusion
2. Myocardial ischemia
3. Renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MOA of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACE-I)

A

Inhibits Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) to inhibit the formation of Angiotensin II (AT2) which:
Decrease aldosterone secretion for a diuretic effect
and Vasodilation leading to SVR decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Side effects of ACE-I

A
  1. Dry cough (due to accumulation of bradykinin)
  2. Angioedema (higher risk in African American)
  3. Acute kidney injury (AKI)
  4. Hyperkalaemia (especially with K-retaining diuretics)

Almost no contraindications (except for bilateral renal artery stenosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MOA of Angiotensin-II Receptor Blocker (ARB)

A

Blocks AT-2 receptors which decreases aldosterone
secretion leading to diuretic effect
also leads to vasodilation that results in SVR decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MOA of Renin Antagonist and Example

A

Inhibits renin to inhibit formation of AT2
Aliskiren

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MOA of Alpha Blocker

A

Blocks alpha-receptor to reduce stimulation by adrenaline or noradrenaline
leading to vasodilation, SVR decrease
May also improve lipid profile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Example of Alpha Blockers (3)

A
  • Prazosin
  • Terazosin
  • Clonidine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Loop Diuretics examples (3)

A

Frusemide
Bumetanide
Torsemide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Loop diuretic MOA

A

Loop diuretics inhibit Na + /K+ /2Cl - cotransporter at ascending limb of Loop of Henle
Chloride, sodium and potassium ions remain intra-luminally and will be lost in urine

17
Q

Advantages of loop diuretics

A

Advantages :
* Superior fluid clearance for the same degree of natriuresis
* Works even in presence of renal impairment
* Increasing diuretic response with increasing dose

18
Q

Side effects of loop diuretics

A

Ototoxicity
Hypokalemia (very common !)
hyponatremia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hyperuricemia – acute kidney injury (AKI)
Hypomagnesemia
Hypocalcemia

19
Q

Examples of Thiazide Diuretics

A

Hydrochlorothiazide
Chlorthialidone
Metalazone
Indapamide

20
Q

MOA of thiazide diuretics

A

Thiazides inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride in distal part of nephron
More sodium reaches distal tubules
Stimulate exchange with potassium, particularly in presence of renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system

21
Q

Difference between Loop and Thiazide diuretics

A

Longer duration of action
Different site of action (ascending loop of Henle vs early distal tubule)
Thiazides have decreased capacity to work in presence of renal failure

22
Q

Side effects of thiazide diuretics

A

Hypercalcemia due to proximal tubular reabsorption of calcium increase
Ototoxicity

23
Q

Examples of potassium sparing agents

A

Amiloride
Triamterene
Spironolactone
Eplerenone

24
Q

MOA of Amiloride and Triamterene

A

A & T inhibit sodium-proton exchanger which is concerned with sodium reabsorption in distal tubules
Since K+ secretion is coupled with Na+ entry, the decrease in Na+ entry helps to reduce K+ exit which leads to potassium-sparing

25
Q

Effects of angiotensin 2

A

Efferent arterioles of glomerulus -> Vasoconstriction increase in Glomerular Pressure
Adrenal Gland releases Aldosterone, increase Na+ reabsorption, increases H2O retention, which increases BP
Adrenal Gland release Adrenaline & Noradrenaline which increases BP

26
Q

MOA of aldosterone antagonists

A

Spironolactone is a synthetic steroid that acts as competitive antagonist to
aldosterone. Eplerenone is an analogue of spironolactone with greater affinity to aldosterone receptor

Aldosterone is a hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ions along the DCT and the collection duct

27
Q

ACE-Is: Examples of Prodrugs

A

Enalapril (prototype)
Perindopril
Fosinopril
Quinapril
Delapril
Ramipril

28
Q

What is Class 1 of ACE-Is

A

Captopril

29
Q

Example of Class 3 ACE-I

A

Lisinopril (Water Soluble)

30
Q

Side Effects of ACE-Is

A

Side Effects
* Cough – common
* Hypotension
* Hyperkalemia
* Deterioration of renal function – related to hypotension
* Angioedema – rare
* Neutropenia - captopril

31
Q

Why is there cough when taking ACE-Is

A

Due to increased formation of bradykinin
Increased sensitivity of cough reflex leads to dry Irritating nonproductive cough

32
Q

MOA of ARBs

A

Direct blocking of angiotensin II receptors
- Similar effects of ACE inhibition
* However it avoids bradykinin-related side effects of ACE
inhibitors
* E.g. cough and angioedema

33
Q

Examples of ARBs

A

Losartan
Candesartan
Irbesartan
Valsartan
Telmisartan
Olmesartan
Eprosartan

34
Q

Side effects of ARBs

A
  • Cough – uncommon
  • Hypotension
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Deterioration of renal function – related to hypotension
  • Angioedema – rare
35
Q
A
36
Q
A

Pharmacology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions