help Flashcards
What is plastination?
- invented by Dr. Gunther von hagens
- in Heidelberg, Germany in 1978
- Plastination is a technique or process to preserve biological material (eg. cadavers, animals, plants, etc) by impregnation with curable polymers
Principle of plastination
- Curable polymers replace water and lipids in biological tissues
- The polymers are induced into the tissue by acetone
- the polymers are subsequently hardened, resulting in dry, odorless & durable specimens
Acetone leads to water & lipids
Polymer leads to acetone
vacuum
L1, pg 14
Different polymers produce different plastinates
- Silicone
L1, pg 15
- the silicone technique is the standard technique in plastination
- It is used for whole specimens and thick body slices to obtain a natural look
Different polymers produce different plastinates
Polyester
L1, pg 16
- Exclusively used for semi-transparent brain slices to gain an excellent distinction of grey and white matter
boundaries of the neck
- The neck extends from the head above to the shoulders and thorax below
- L1, pg 17
Its superior boundary is:
- Inferior margin of the mandible
- A line between the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process
- Mastoid process
- Superior nuchal line
Boundaries of the neck
L1, pg 18
- A line b/w the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process of the temporal bone
- Attachments for sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Boundaries of the neck
The neck extends from the head above to the shoulders and thorax below.
Its superior boundary is:
- Inferior margin of the mandible
- Mastoid process
- Superior nuchal line
L1, pg 19
The inferior boundary is:
- The top of the sternum (jugular notch)
- Clavicle
- Acromion of the scapula
- A line b/w the acromion and the spinous process of C7 vertebra
Boundaries of the neck
A line b/w the acromion of the scapula and the spinous process of C7 vertebra
L1, pg 20
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Subdivisions of the neck
two ways to subdivide the neck:
- Longitudinally (or on a transverse plane)
- Externally (or anatomically landmarks)
Longitudinally, the neck has four compartments:
- The vertebral
- The visceral
- The vascular x2
- the compartments (or “tubes”) are enclosed by the INVESTING LAYER of the deep cervical fascia and the STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID and TRAPEZIUS muscles
Subdivisions of the neck
Longitudinally, the neck has four compartments (tubes):
L1, pg 22
the vertebral
- Cervical vertebrae & joints
- Spinal cord & nerves
- Muscles
The visceral
- Trachea & larynx
- Esophagus & pharynx
- Endocrine glands
The vascular x 2
- Carotid artery
- Internal jugular vein
- Vagus nerve
Longitudinal subdivisions for medical images and sectional anatomy
L1, pg 23
- Visceral space
- Carotid space
- Retropharyngeal space
- Posterior cervical space
- Perivertebral space
Ultrasound image of the neck
L1, pg 24
- Vascular
- Visceral
- Vascular
- Vertebral
Externally, the neck is divided into two triangles on each side by two muscles
L1, pg 25
Anterior triangle
- The anterior midline
- The inferior margin of the mandible
- The anterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Posterior triangle
- the clavicle
- The posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
- The anterior margin of the trapezius muscle
Subdivision of the neck
- Anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid
- Anterior margin of trapezius
L1, pg 26
To outline the sternocleidomastoid: Turn the face to the opposite side against resistance
To outline the trapezius: shrug the shoulder against resistance
Subdivions of the neck
Digastric muscle:
- Anterior belly
- Posterior belly
Omohyoid muscle:
- Superior belly
- Inferior belly
L1, pg 27
Three key structures for further subdivisions of the anterior and posterior cervical triangles
- Hyoid bone
- Digastric muscle
- One of the suprahyoid muscles - Omohyoid muscle
- One of the infrahyoid muscles
three key structures for further subdivisions of the anterior and posterior cervical triangles
L1, pg 28
Hyoid bone
- A U-shaped bone b/w the tongue and larynx: connecting the floor of the oral cavity w/ the pharynx behind and larynx below
Digastric muscle - one of the suprahyoid muscles
- Omohyoid muscle - one of the infrahyoid muscles
Four smaller triangles in the anterior triangle of the neck
L1, pg 29 & 30
- Submental triangle: hyoid, midline & digastric muscle
- Submandibular triangle: mandible & digastric muscle
- Carotid triangle: Digastric, omohyoid & sternocleidomastoid muscles
- Muscular triangle: hyoid, midline, omohyoid & sternocleidomastoid muscles
two smaller triangles in the posterior triangle
L1, pg 30
Occipital triangle:
- omohyoid, sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles
Subclavian triangle:
- Clavicle, omohyoid & sternocleidomastoid muscles
Anterior triangle:
- Submental triangle
- Submandibular triangle
- Submandibular gland
- Carotid triangle
- Carotid artery
- Jugular vein
- Muscular triangle
- Thyroid cartillage
- trachea
Posterior
Occipital triangle
- Subclavian triangle
- Supraclavical fossa
- Subclavian artery and veinL7, pg 3
- Spinal cord
- Spinal nerves
- Meninges
- Blood supply
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Basic structures of a neuron
L7, pg 4
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Axon
Basic tyoes of neurons and their distribution
L7, pg 5
peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Central nervous system
- Gray matter
-Neuron bodies
White matter
- Dendrites
- Axons
L7, pg 6
Peripheral nervous system
- Ganglia
- neuron bodies
- Spinal/cranial nerves
- Axons
Spinal cord
- From foramen magnum to conus medullaries (L1/2; lower in the child)
- Shorter than the spinal canal
- Two enlargements where the cord has more neutrons
L7, pg 7
- Foramen magnum
- Cervical enlargement
- Pedicles of vertebrae
- Lumbosacral enlargement
- Conus medullaris (lower border L1)
- End of subarachnoid space (S2)
- Dura
