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Parasitology > Helminths - Nematodes > Flashcards

Helminths - Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

most common helminth infection in US

A

pinworm, enterobius vermicularis (itchy butthole)

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2
Q

manifestation of onchocerciasis

A
  1. Dermal
    1. microfiliariae traveling in skin destroy elasticity: elephant skin
    2. depigmentation on shins/top of feet
    3. papular eruptions, sterile abcesses, subcutaneous nodules
  2. Ocular: microfiliarie that move into the eye cause blindness(wolbachia bacteria released)
  3. Lymphatic: lymphadenopathies
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3
Q

enterobius vermicularis transmisison/lifecycle

A

PINWORM

  1. sticky eggs get on hand and you eat em (fecal-oral)
  2. larvae hatch in small intestine; adults form in colon
  3. gravide females deposit eggs on perianal folds at night time
  4. itch butt and eat more eggs, or pass in feces to environment to infect others
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3
Q

treatment for ascariasis

A

albendazole, mebendazole(alt. pyrantel pamoate)

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4
Q

clinical manifestation of hookworm disease

A

itching @ penetration site

anemia, diarrhea, wt loss, difficulty breathing(lung phase), protein deficient, big heart

leads to physical/mental growth retardation

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5
Q

trichinella spiralis life cycle/transmission

A
  1. ingest carnivore that has cysts in muscle(bear, pig)
  2. de-cyst in stomach; larvae invade small bowel
  3. adults form; females release larvae
  4. released larvae encyst striated muscle
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5
Q

clinical manifestation of loiasis

A

often asymptomatic

calabar swellings = episodic angioedema

subconjunctival migration(crawl across eye….creepy)

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6
Q

treatment for hookworms

A

albendazole(alt. piperazine, pyrantel pamoate)

ferrous sulfate for anemia

light infections are not treated

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7
Q

toxocara canis/cati life cycle and transmission

A

humans ingest infective eggs from dog/cat poop

eggs hatch in small intestine, larvae penetrate intestinal wall

disperse to a variety of tissues(esp. liver, brain, eye)

larvae cause severe local reactions

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8
Q

onchocerca volvulus life cycle

A

L3 introduced by black fly

develop into adults in subcutaneous tissue; reside in nodules

adults make microfiliarie that migrate through skin/lymphatics

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8
Q

treatment for loiasis

A

antibacterial cream

diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin

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9
Q

treatment for lymphatic filariasis(w. bancrofti, b. malayi)

A

diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin

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10
Q

clinical manifestation of trichinella spiralis infection

A

NVD, fatigue, fever @1-2 days

HA, fever, chills, cough, eye swelling, aching joints, muscle pain, itchiness, diarrhea/constipation @2-8 weeks

Heavy infection: trouble coordinating movements; heart/breathing problems

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11
Q

clinical manifestation of **ascariasis **

A

abdominal pain, flu-like symptoms

coughin wheezing(larvae moving through lungs)

intestinal blockage

ascaris pneumonia(heavy infection); potentially fatal

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11
Q

wucheria bancrofti and brugia malayi are the cause what?

A

lymphatic filariasis

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13
Q

clinical manifestation of enterobius vermicularis

treatment?

A

PINWORM

itchy butthole

sleep disturbance, irritability, loss of appetite

treatment: albendazole, pyrantel pamoate

14
Q

life cycle of loa loa

A

flies of chrysops spp. transfer L3 during bloodmeal

larvae develop into adutls and sit in subcutaneous tissue

adults make microfilariae(in blood during day, lungs at night)

15
Q

treatment of onchocerciasis

A

ivermectin; doxycycline(for the wolbachia)

16
Q

what are wolbachia?

A

bacterial parasites living inside nematodes like onchocerca volvulus

thought to be the cause of pathology in blindness caused by o. volvulus

body has hypersensitive reaction to the bacterial antigens and hurts the eye

18
Q

clinical manifestation of strongyloides stercoralis

A

Moderate

  • Rash @ penetration site
  • Coughing wheezing
  • Ab pain, nausea, vomiting, alternating diarrhea/constipation
  • GI bleeding

Severe(common in immunocompromised)

  • Chronic colitis
  • Anemia
  • Chronic diarrhea; wt loss
19
Q

describe the life cycle of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi

A

L3 are introduced to blood by mosquito

adults develop and reside in lymphatics

adults make sheathed microfilariae

21
Q

pathophysiology of hookworm disease

A

they suck blood

bad for kids and pregos, especially w/high worm burden

1 worm can take .1ml of blood a day; that adds up

anemia, malnutrition. BAD

23
Q

life cycle/transmission for strongyloides stercoralis

A

free-living cycle

  1. rhabditiform larvae passed in stool; develop into adults and after several lineages, infective filariform develops

parasitic cycle

  1. filariform attach to feet(like hookworm) and head to lungs
  2. swallowed; mature in small intestine to male/femal forms
    • make eggs which yeild rhabditiform larvae:
      • become filariform which auto-infect via lungs
      • pass in stool to progress in free-living cycle
24
Q

hookworm life cycle and transmission

A

filariform attach to foot/leg and move into bloodstream

penetrate lungs and swallow into small intestine

adults attach to intstinal wall, suck blood, pass eggs in feces

eggs passed in still hatch, develop into filariform, search for more humans

25
Q

ascaris lumbricoides life cycle and transmission

A
  1. swallow eggs
  2. hatch in small intestine
  3. larvae get into blood and head to lungs
  4. swallow back into small intestine where adults develop/lay eggs
  5. up to 200k eggs/female/day; passed in feces; cycle starts over
26
Q

clinical manifestation of toxocariasis

A

cutaneous/visceral larva migrans(VLM): random migration of larvae causing organ swelling

  • organ swelling, fever, cough, asthma
  • CNS symptoms

ocular larva migrans(OLM): larvae enter eye; inflammation/scar on retina

27
Q

treatment for trichinella spiralis infection

A

steroids and mebendazole should be started ASAP

Parasitology (5 decks)

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