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topical study > Hellenic History > Flashcards

Hellenic History Flashcards

0
Q

What is the origin of the name minoan culture?

A

King minos

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1
Q

What is the minoan civilization known for?

A
  • Huge palace complexes which lacked fortification walls
  • art that depicted no war
  • peaceful civilization
  • sea-faring culture
  • influenced mainland greece
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2
Q

What are the 4 minoan palaces?

A

Knossos l, malia, zakro, and phaestos

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3
Q

What was important about knossos?

A

Home to the mythical labryrinth (which means double axe head.

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4
Q

What was phaestos well known for?

A

Phaestos disc, a disc with a spiral of undeciphered symbols/writing.

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5
Q

What is thera? What did it do?

A

An island, home to a volcano

Thought to have helped lead or lead the downfall of the minoans

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6
Q

What was the mycenaean civilization? How did it end? What did it do?

A
  • bronze age mainland greece
  • seemed to be most powerful
  • brought products from other places to heavily fortified centers and then redistributed them
  • very militaristic
  • eventually moved to crete
  • unknown end; possibly earthquakes, invasions, or plagues
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7
Q

What are tholos tombs? Give an example

A

“Beehive” tombs a hill is made over a large domed tomb

Tomb of agamemnon or the treasury of Atreus

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8
Q

What are tholos temples?

A

Simply circular shrines

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9
Q

Who were the dorians? What did they do?

A
  • the inhabitants of southern greece, like sparta
  • believed to have invaded through the north from the black sea
  • possibly ended mycenaean civilization
  • settled southern greece
  • replaced local dialects with their own
  • conservative and resistance to change, produced little art
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10
Q

What is linear a?

A

An undeciphered script used on Minoan crete

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11
Q

What is linear b?

A

Early greek script used by mycenaeans and mainland greece

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12
Q

What were linear a and linear b used for?

A

Primarily used for taxes and records

-no literature

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13
Q

When was the fall of troy?

A

1184 bc

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14
Q

What was the dark ages? (Iron age, age of tyrants/kings, age of colonization)

A

Time after invasion of the dorians and carnage of the sea people
Population, art, economics, and writing slowed dramatically or completely stopped

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15
Q

How were the dark ages ended?

A

A population explosion, colonization of the mediterranean and black sea, and tge reintroduction of writing

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16
Q

What are the archaeologists?

A

Heinrich Schliemann, Sir Arthur Evans, Carl Blegen, Michael Ventris & John Chadwick

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17
Q

What did Heinrich Schliemann do?

A
  • dug up troy, mycenae, and tiryns

- “gazed on the face of agamemnon”

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18
Q

What did sir arthur evans do?

A

Dug up knossos

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19
Q

What did carl blegen do?

A

Dug up pylos, where many linear b tablets were found

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20
Q

What did michael ventris and john chatwick do?

A

Deciphered linear b

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21
Q

What did homer do? When?

A

Composed the illiad and the odyssey in 750 BC

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22
Q

Who was draco and what did he do? When? What did it cause?

A
  • a harsh lawgiver of athens
  • made sure punishments matched your crimes
  • 621 BC
  • name derives to the english word draconian
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23
Q

Who was solon and what did he do? When?

A
  • reformist and poet archon
  • split Athens into four economic classes
  • 594 BC
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24
Q

What were the four economic classes Solon split athens into?

A

Pentekosiomedimnoi, hippies, zeugitai, and the thetes.

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25
Q

Who were the pentekosiomedimnoi?

A
  • the rich

- men who produced 500 bushels a year

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26
Q

Who were the hippies?

A

Men rich enough to own a horse

27
Q

Who were the zeugitai?

A

Men who could afford a yoke and an oxen in their farm

28
Q

Who were the thetes?

A

The poorest social class

29
Q

Who was peisistratus? What did he do? And when?

A

Tyrant of athens
Arts florished under his rule
Mid-500’s BC

30
Q

who were hippias & hipparchus?

A

Sons of peisistratus, didnt make anyone happy

  • hipparchus is killed by harmodius and aristrogeiton
  • hippias flees to Persia and helps them against greece in the 490’s, trying to have them reinstate him as ruler of athens for persia.
31
Q

Who was thespis? What did he do?

A
  • revolutionary actor in the court of the Athenian tyrant peisistratus
  • gave us thespian
32
Q

Who was cleisthenes? What did he do and when?

A
  • “father of democracy”
  • reformed the Boule to the council of 500
  • 508 BC
33
Q

Who was Lycurgus? What did he do and when?

A
  • Spartan lawgiver
  • reformed constitution with the great rhetra
  • 7th century
34
Q

What was the Great rhetra?

A

A Delphic proclamation that led to militaristic Sparta

35
Q

What was ostracism? Why was it used? Why does it have that name?

A
  • every years Athenians would vote to kick one person out of athens for a ten-year exile
  • used to check power
  • 6000 votes at least had to be cast.
  • called ostracism because vote would be cast on an ostrakon, a shard of pottery
36
Q

What was pithecusae? Where was it?

A

The first greek colony in italy
Though it did not last.
Technically on the island of ischia

37
Q

What was cumae? Where?

A

First permanent greek colony

In italy

38
Q

What was the lelantine war? What did it cause? When was it?

A

Early war between the chalchis and eretria on euboea.
Named after the plains between the cities
Saw the devolpment of the hoplige phalanx strategy
Lasted circa 710-590

39
Q

What is hoplite?

A

Heavily armored infantry standard to most greek forces

40
Q

Define phalanx When was it devolped? Why was it used?

A

A formation of hoplites shoulder to shoulder
Forms a wall of men
Was in a straight line but changed into staggered lines for strategy
Devolped in the lelantine war and used until romes conquest of greece

41
Q

What and when were the olympics? Why were they there?

A
  • games that ran every four years
  • served as a calendar
  • held at Olympia in honor of zeus
  • 776 BC
42
Q

What were some panhellenic games? Why were they called that? Where were they?

A
  • isthmian games at corinth in honor of poseidon
  • pythian games at delphi in honor of apollo
  • nemean games at nemea in honor of hercules

Called panhellenic because any greek could participate.

43
Q

What were the government institutions in Athens?

A

Archon, ecclesia, Areopagus, Boule, heliaea, strategoi, and liturgy

44
Q

What was the archon?

A

One of nine magistrates elected annually in athens

45
Q

Who was the archon basileos? What did they do?

A

King archon, the most powerful

In charge of religion

46
Q

What did the archon eponymos do?

A

Gave his name to the year.

47
Q

What did the polemarch do?

A

Lead on military affairs

48
Q

What Was the ecclesia? What did they do?

A

Popular assembly open to all citizens over 18 in athens
Voted on archons
Voted on the legislation proposed by the boule
Voted on members of strategoi
Voted on war or peace

49
Q

What were the areopagus? Who broke their power? What did they do?

A
  • council of former archons in athens
  • power broken by ephialtes
  • limited to hearing murder trials
50
Q

What was the boule? How many people made it up? Who chose them?

A
  • popular council that was revised many times in athens
  • it was composed of 400 men, 100 from each of the tribes, under solon
  • chosen by the ecclesia
51
Q

What were the differences of the boule under solon and cleisthenes?

A

Solon had 100 men from 4 traditional tribes

Cleisthenes split Attica into 10 tribes. With 50 from each. He aslo made demes and the prytany

52
Q

What was the demes?

A

The allotted number of spots based on population

53
Q

What was the prytany?

A
  • 50 men in the boule that led the 500 other men in the boule
  • changed each month
54
Q

Who were the heliaea?

A

Court of athens

6,000 members strong so brinbing would be impossible

55
Q

What were the jurors in the heliaea called?

A

Dicasts

56
Q

What was the strategoi

A

10 generals elected annually in athens

57
Q

What was liturgy? What did it do?

A

Tax on the rich in athens

  • gave money
  • supplied ships to navy
  • sponsored fesivals
  • etc.
58
Q

What were the government institutions in sparta?

A

Kings, ephors, apella, gerousia, helots, crypteia

59
Q

When were the kings of Sparta from? What were their duties?

A
  • agiad dynasty and eurypontid dynasty
  • upholding the law
  • leading the spartian army on campaign
60
Q

Who were the ephors and what were their duties?

A
  • five magistrates elected annually

- uphold the will and authority of the kings

61
Q

What was the apella? What was its qualifications? What did it do?

A

Popular assembly in sparta
Every full citizen over 30 could participate in
Voted on gerousia and ephors

62
Q

What was the gerousia? What were the qualifications? What were their duties?

A
  • Oligarchic senate of Spartan elders
  • 28 men older than 60 and the two kings
  • elected for life by apella
  • preposed bills for apella to vote on
  • could veto approved bills from apella
  • usually from aristocratic families
63
Q

What were helots? What did they do?

A

Messenians subjugated by sparta, forced into serfdom (poverty or servitude)

  • outnumbered Spartans and was the primary farmers of Laconia
  • constant threat to spartain stability and supremacy
64
Q

What were the crypteia? What did they do?

A

The secret police in sparta (very cryptic haha)

Kept helots in check and prevent them from rebelling

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