heiejsks Flashcards
is the study of general and fundamental questions about existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind, and language; why; world of humans
philosophy
Emphasized immortality and transmigration of the soul
pythagoras
World exists as a coherent system in which a change in one direction is ultimately balanced by a corresponding change in another; universal flux: nothing permanent except change.
heraclitus
laughing/smiling philosopher; atomic theory; Happiness reside not in possessions, and not
in gold, happiness dwells in the Soul
democritus
eudaimonic, ataraxia, aponia; advocated that people were best able to pursue philosophy by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends.
epicurus
Socratic Method; Know Thyself; Moral Philosophy; Falling down is not a failure. Failure comes when you stay where you have fallen.
socrates
theory of forms dialectic method; GOOD ACTIONS GIVE STRENGTH TO OURSELVES AND INSPIRE GOOD ACTIONS IN OTHERS; traced man’s need to philosophize to his sense of wonder.
plato
Reality is based on what we can sense and perceive
aristotle
traced the need to Philosophize to doubt. In life, we will be faced with several ideas and arguments which present themselves as “truths
Rene Descartes
saw the need to philosophize because of experience.
Karl Jaspers
considers large-scale pattern systems; have open mindset and get the general sense; big picture mentality
holistic thinking
focuses on of a situation; component of analytical of a problem in order to understand it.
partial thinking
requires a person to be willing to examine one’s thoughts, feelings, and action and to learn more about one’s life and experiences.
reflection
is the capacity of human to exercise introspection and to attempt to learn more about their fundamental nature and essence.
human self-reflection
accumulation of facts and information.
knowledge
is the synthesis of knowledge and
experiences into insights that deepen one’s understanding of relationships and the meaning of the life.
wisdom
answering questions related to what is real
metaphysics
focuses on reasoning and sound argument; correct and incorrect forms of reasoning
logic
objective standards for determining what is beautiful
aesthetics
branch of philosophy that deals with knowledge
epistemology
concerned with the natural environment and human beings place within it
Environmental Philosophy
rightness and wrongness of action; Study of the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions.
ethics
Origin and meaning of ethical concepts such as good or bad, issues on universally accepted truths and even people’s justification of their own judgments.
metaethics
Concerned with the setting of certain standards of what is morally right and morally wrong. It also involves the formulation of set values or moral
norms
normative ethics
It attempts to apply different theories to different situations in real life such as euthanasia, the death penalty, etc.
applied ethics
Forms of rules, standards, or prescriptions that are strictly followed by people. It indicates the society’s standard of propriety.
norms
Forms of behavior that are relatively or distinctly set away from a norm.
deviance
act if formulating an opinion or theory without fully researching or investigating
speculation
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something.
theory
forming of a theory about something
theorizing
It questions, judges, and evaluates any and all principles and premises that may be gained through speculation
philosophy as critical thinking
one mode of critical analysis where philosophical problems are solved through a careful analysis of the logical structure of the philosophical assertion.
logical
meanings of words are analyzed for their clarity and consistency with the world
linguistic
statement reduced in its simplest form
elementary sentence
where the grounds for the belief is deliberately sought and the adequacy to support the belief examined
reflective thinking
statement that can be proven true or false: objective
facts
beliefs which may or may not be backed up by facts but cannot be proven true or false
opinion
analysis based on personal opinions, emotions, etc.
subjective information
based from facts, measurable and observable
objective information
proposition is true if it corresponds to the facts (correspondence to, or with, a fact); Embracing the idea that truth consist in a relation to reality (Empirical)
correspondence theory
truth states that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true; The truth of a belief can only consist in its coherence wit omer oellers. trun comes in cecrees
coherence theory
associated with William James. The truth of a statement can be define in
terms of the utility of accepting it. Truth is based on the good or practical consequences of an idea. There are things that are false that it may be useful to accept, and conversely there are things that are true that it may be damaging to accept.
pragmatic theory
invalid or faulty reasoning; may be created unintentionally or intentionally in order to deceive others
fallacies
win support for an argument by exploiting his/her opponents pity
appeal to pity
notion is true because it is not yet been proven false vice versa
APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
proposition must be true because many people believe it
appeal to people
- attacking the person who asserts the argument to disprove his/her claim
against a person
double meaning; confusing
EQUIVOCATION
generalization based on insufficient evidence
hasty generalization
something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.
composition
Involves an inference from the attribution of some feature to an entire class (or whole) to the possession of the same feature by each of its individual members (or parts).
division
The fallacy committed when one appeals to force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.
appeal to force
Concluding that one thing caused another, simply because they are regularly associated.
false cause
Any form of argument where the conclusion is assumed in one of
the premises.
begging the question
A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared.
circular reasoning
causes the body to live; animates the body
soul
Intangible element that enables us
to exercise thought, possess awareness, and the capacity to reach out to the world and to other
versons
spirit
The power that allows for basics of existence- nourishment, growth, reproduction.
vegetative soul
Specific to human beings only and is the soul responsible for reason and thinking.
INTELLECTUAL/RATIONAL SOUL
Makes the human experience and
does the things that make him a person. Physical acts are no longer purely physical acts because it conveys something from a person’s inner world.
embodiment
Plato is known for his theory of ______; states that the mind and body are distin and separable modes
dualism
Aristotle is known for his theory of _____; soul cannot exist apart from the body soul cannot exist independently of body
monism
greatest and wealthiest of greek cities
miletus
known for his bodily using not-mythological approach
anaximander
well known western/greek philosopher
socrates
Things in our life that are already given. (acquired through birth)
limitation facticity
finite quality of state of existence (“we cannot live forever”)
finitude
intermediary between us & the physical sense world.
body
refers to the relation of the self to the object-oriented world, as well as our concrete relations with others. Transcendence originated from the words Trans, meaning “go beyond”, and scandare, meaning “climb”.
transcendency
humans are history-making creatures & are not ultimately bounded by facticity.
historicity
continuous cycle of birth and death
samsara
Nature of Human Personhood under Dharmic religions it is important to be aware of what are the actions that human should have. It is the sum of person’s action and a deciding factor of fate in future existence, this fate will defend on what we are doing whether it is good or bad.
karma
Each and everyone needs to be enlightened and we need proper guidelines in achieving them, this signifies the state of enlightenment & oneness according to Brahman.
moksha
sub-discipline under environmental philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to the environment.
environmental ethics
(Greek: anthropos = human being) - a human centered philosophical
viewpoint arguing that human beings are the central or most signiticant entities in the world; superior
Anthropocentrism
a philosophical perspective affirming humans ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives towards personal fulfillment.
humanism
a variant of orthodox anthropocentrism which recognizes human beings duties towards the environment.
Enlightened / Prudential Anthropocentrism
(Greek: pathos = suffering, pain) - a philosophical point of view that all life is the same origin and humans and animals have the capacity to perceive or feel things.
panthocentrism
a philosophical perspective that holds that Earth’s ecology and ecosystems (including its atmosphere, water, land, and all life forms) have intrinsic value.
ecocentrism
study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment
ecology
refers to the structural and functional unit of ecology; interaction between organisms and the surrounding environment.
ecosystem
Aldo Leopold - “land ethic”, land should be given due respect and love; whole system cannot be determined or explained by its component parts alone. Parts cannot exist independently of the whole
holism
australian philosopher; humans should not cause or inflict pain to animal
paul singer
