Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Abnormal findings > HEENT Disorders > Flashcards

HEENT Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Normal birth head size

A

32-38 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

HC growth in first year

A

12 cm (6 cm at 0-3 mo, 3 cm at 4-6 mo, 3 cm at 6-12 mo)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microcephaly

A

HC < 2 SD below mean for age, sex, gestation, or HC percentiles dropping with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Microcephaly etiology + S/S

A
  1. Genetic chromosomal disorders (familial or genetic syndrome)
  2. Acquired from noxious causes in utero or first 2 years of life (TORCH infections, maternal substance use, fetal exposure to radiation, placental insufficiency, prenatal hypoxia, trauma, maternal hypoglycemia, degenerative diseases: Tay-Sachs, poor nutrition first 6 mo, alcohol use, inadequate prenatal care, AA)

S/S: small head in full term birth - 6 mo old; chest circumference > HC; delayed development; neurologic problems; mental retardation; family hx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Microcephaly DDx + physical findings

A

DDx:

  • Craniosynostosis
  • Endocrine dx (hypothyroidism, hypopituitary)
  • Severe malnutrition
  • Small infant

Findings:

  • early fontanel closure; prominent cranial sutures
  • marked downward-sloped forehead with narrowed temporal diameter + occipital flattening (familial)
  • skull asymmetries, high arched palate, dysplastic teeth (chromosomal disorders)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Microcephaly diagnostic tests + mgmt/tx

A

Diagnostics:

  • karyotyping for chromosomal disorders (fragile X)
  • antibody titers for TORCH infections of mom/child
  • test infant serum + urine for amino/organic acids
  • CT or MRI to detect calcification, malformations, atrophy

Mgmt/Tx:

  • Complete history + physical findings to find origin (hypopituitarism, severe protein-calorie malnutrition)
  • Most are untreatable; appropriate genetic/family counseling
  • Supportive mgmt, early placement in program for development of mental retardation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Macrocephaly

A

HC > 2 SD from mean for age, sex, gestation or HC increasing too rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Macrocephaly etiology + S/S

A
  1. Hydrocephalus: > CSF
  2. Intracranial lesions: neoplasms, subdural effusions
  3. Skull enlargement: primary skeletal dysplasia
  4. Increased brain size (megalencephaly): r/t neurofibromatosis

Normal variants:

  • Familial macrocephaly: benign family trait
  • Large infant: all growth parameters high

S/S: excessive head growth, depends on cause (hydrocephalus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macrocephaly DDx + physical findings

A

DDx:

  • Benign macrocephaly: familial or catch-up growth in thriving premie
  • Pathological macrocephaly

Findings:

  • Progressive head growth > 2 SD above mean
  • Skull transillumination may reveal chronic subdural effusions, hydrocephaly, or large cystic defects
  • Enlarged anterior fontanel/tense with wide suture lines
  • Dependent on cause: increased ICP, developmental delays, skeletal dysplasia, ocular abnormalities, skin findings (cafe au lait)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrocephaly diagnostic tests + mgmt/tx

A

Diagnostics:

  • CT, MRI or ultrasonography of anterior fontanel (if open) to define structural cause & assess operability
  • Skull xrays provide indirect info (changes seen with increased ICP, skeletal dysplasias, or calcifications)

Mgmt/tx:

  • CT, MRI, ultrasound of head if any S/S of increased ICP
  • Surgical correction of underlying cause (shunt placement with hydrocephalus or tumor resection)
  • Genetic counseling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Increased CSF in cerebral ventricles & ventricular enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydrocephalus etiology

A

CSF obstruction anywhere from ventricles (produced) to subarachnoid space (reabsorption area)

Causes:

  • congenital d/t primary cerebral malformation
  • acquired postnatally sec to tumor, hemorrhage, CNS infection (meningitis)
  • choroid plexus papilloma: CSF overproduction (rare)

Types:
A. Obstructive or noncommunicating:
-Major cause
-Obstruction within ventricular system including Sylvius aqueduct & 4th ventricle
-Congenital defects (most common cause) – isolated in aqueductal stenosis or from syndrome Arnold-Chiari & Dandy-Walker)
-Acquired conditions – common tumor complication

B. Nonobstructive or communicating:

  • Impaired CSF absorption in subarachnoid space
  • Scarring from subarachnoid hemorrhage (intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infant) or meningitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydrocephalus S/S + DDx

A

0-12 mo S/S: apparent large head, sluggish feeding, vomiting, piercing cry, irritability

12 mo-teens S/S: increased ICP signs, HA post sleep, lethargy, irritability, confusion, personality changes, possible decline in academics, vision changes (papilledema), possible 6th nerve palsies

DDx:

  • macrocephaly
  • megalencephaly
  • benign large head
  • macrocrania
  • meningitis
  • sepsis
  • tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hydrocephalus findings, diagnostics, tx

A

Infancy physical findings: bulging anterior fontanel, scalp vein distention, bossing, “setting sun sign,” separated skull sutures, slow PERRL, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, spasticity

Childhood findings: strabismus, extrapyramidal tract signs (ataxia), papilledema, optic atrophy, growth failure r/t endocrine

Diagnostic tests:

  1. Cranial radiography - separated sutures
  2. CT scan/ultrasound - impaired CSF circulation = ventricular enlargement
  3. Ventriculography - obstruction detection

Tx:

  1. Most require extracranial shunts (VP)
  2. Tx underlying cause (mass, lesion, inflammation, infection, vasogenic edema)
  3. Anticipatory guidance throughout: support group referrals, teach ICP s/s, daily HC measurements, psychomotor challenges mgmt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Caput succedaneum

A

Diffuse soft tissue swelling of newborn’s scalp (crosses suture line with some bruising)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Caput succedaneum etiology + S/S

A

Caused by compression or trauma to scalp during vaginal delivery (scalp edema)

S/S: non-pitting swelling of scalp (present at birth), overlies occipital bones & some parietal bones, some bruising, often molding but disappears within first few days of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Caput succedaneum DDx, diagnostics, mgmt

A

DDx: cephalohematoma, subgaleal hematoma

Diagnostics: NONE

Mgmt: self-limiting within few days; may require phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia if lots of bruising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cephalohematoma

A

Subperiosteal collection of blood within suture lines, often around parietal bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cephalohematoma etiology + S/S

A

About 2% of all deliveries secondary to trauma from difficult delivery (LGA, prolonged labor, forceps, abnormal presentation). Uncommonly d/t coagulopathy or intracranial hemorrhage

S/S: not evident at birth but presents hours-days post delivery, limited to suture margins, usually unilateral, may prolong neonatal jaundice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cephalohematoma DDx, findings, diagnostics, mgmt

A

DDx: caput succedaneum, cranial meningocele

Findings: nonecchymotic swelling of parietal area not crossing suture line, soft, fluctuant

Diagnostics: NONE

Mgmt: slowly self-limiting over few weeks-months

  • Calcification of hematoma possible; may be felt as bony prominence
  • monitor hyperbilirubinemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

Premature closure of 1+ of cranial sutures leading to skull deformity

Sutures normally remain open until 2-3 yo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Craniosynostosis etiology + S/S

A

Primary: pathology at suture line, sometimes d/t genetic syndrome

Secondary: underlying brain pathology (microcephaly)

S/S: abnormal head shape, no s/s unless part of genetic syndrome or multiple suture closes, rarely ICP s/s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Craniosynostosis DDx + physical findings

A

DDx: newborn molding, pseudosynostosis positional plagiocephaly

Physical findings: abnormal head shape, palpable bony ridge along affected suture line, small or large anterior fontanel depending on suture closing

24
Q

Craniosynostosis diagnostics + mgmt/tx

A

Diagnostics: plain skull XR, chromosomal analysis if needed

Tx: surgery to open for cosmetic reasons, unless neuro complications

25
Q

Newborn conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum)

A

infection/inflammation of conjunctiva in first month of life

26
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum etiology + S/S

A

Chemical: silver nitrate use
s/s: mild conjunctival injection, onset following ophthalmic ointment lasting 36-48 hours; resolves spontaneously

Gonococcal: prophylactic tx with erythromycin ointment
s/s: acute purulent discharge 2-4 days post birth

Chlamydia (inclusion): most common cause
s/s: mild mucopurulent discharge (profuse) 5-14 days post

HSV: uncommon but results in vision loss (asymptomatic mother)
s/s: eye redness, watery discharge beginning within 2 weeks

27
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum DDx + findings

A

DDx: dacryostenosis, foreign body, corneal abrasion, congenital glaucoma

Chemical findings: conjunctival hyperemia, minimal lid edema, scant discharge

Gonococcal findings: SIGNIFICANT LID EDEMA, chemosis, profuse purulent discharge

Chlamydia findings: MINIMAL LID EDEMA, conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, possible concomitant PNEUMONIA (afebrile, cough, tachypnea, rales)

Herpes findings: usually UNILATERAL, small eyelid vesicles, mild conjunctivitis, possible NEUROLOGIC or SYSTEMIC symptoms (lethargy, poor feeding)

28
Q

Ophthalmia neonatorum diagnostics + mgmt/tx

A

Gonorrhea tests:
-gram stain of conjunctival scrapings & purulent discharge –> gram-negative intracellular diplococci; verify by culture (chocolate agar or Thayer Martin medium)

Chlamydia tests:

  • giemsa stain –> intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
  • direct immunofluorescent antibody staning of conjunctival scrapings for chlamydial inclusions; high sensitivity + specificity
  • culture using special tissue culture

HSV

  • fluorescein eye staining –> ocular dendritic ulcers
  • culture for virus isolation

Gonococcal conjunctiva

  • ocular EMERGENCY –> blindness; hospitalize
  • eye irrigation with NS until discharge gone
  • systemic antibodies, IV/IM cefotaxime or ceftriaxone (avoid ceftriaxone in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia)
  • topical tx ineffective & unnecessary when systemic therapy given

Chlamydia

  • EES 50 mg/kg/day x14 days PO qid to treat conjunctivitis & subsequent pneumonia (GI SE)
  • PO sulfonamides (trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole) may be used after neonatal period if infant intolerant to EES
  • topical tx ineffective & unnecessary

HSV

  • hospitalization needed
  • acyclovir first line (parenteral)
  • topical ophthalmic preparations adjunct therapy; 0.1% iododeoxyuridine, 1-2% trifluridine, or 3% vidarabine

Other bacteria

  • topical antibiotics (EES, polymixin-bacitracin, tobramycin)
  • warm compress to remove exudate
  • thorough hand washing; avoid sharing towels
  • mothers + sexual partners must be treated too
29
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation/infection of palpebral & bulbar > 1 mo

30
Q

Conjunctivitis etiology + S/S

A

Very contagious!

Bacterial conjunctivitis: Staph aureus, H influenzae, Strep pneumonia, Moraxella catarrhalis
s/s: purulent, glued eyes (AM)

Viral conjunctivitis: adenovirus 3, 4, 7; uncommonly HSV or varicella
s/s: watery, think/stringy mucoid

Allergic + vernal (chronic allergic): seasonly allergies

S/S: eye redness, pruritus, foreign body sensation, mild eye discomfort/burning

no pain

31
Q

Conjunctivitis DDx + findings

A

DDx: nasolacrimal duct obstruction, blepharitis (older kids), keratitis (HSV or adenovirus, painful), systemic infection (rubella, rubeolla, Kawasaki), periorbital cellulitis, eye injury (foreign body, corneal abrasion, chemical damage), uveitis (if perilimbal erythema)

Findings: varying injection (one or both eyes), mild eyelid edema, mild redness, preauricular adenopathy, cobblestone-like papillary hypertrophy (inner upper lid), systemic symptoms (nasal congestion, fever, pharyngitis)

discharge may be present

32
Q

Conjunctivitis diagnostics + mgmt/tx

A

Culture & sensitivities unnecessary unless pseudomonas or neisseria; Rule out corneal involvement with fluorescein stain

Bacterial mgmt/tx: topical ophthalmic antibodies (tobramycin, erythromycin, sulfacetamide, polymixin B sulfate-trimethroprim, fluoroquinolone drops/ointment

Viral mgmt/tx: artificial tears for lubrication, topical steroids if keratitis present (ophthalmologist only)

Herpes mgmt/tx: topical & systemic antivirals; ophthalmology referral in all suspected cases + any child with history of herpes ocular infection with red eye, lid vesicles, or dendritic findings on fluorescein corneal staining

Allergic mgmt/tx: avoidance, cold compress, systemic/topical antihistamines (ketorolac/acular), or topical mast cell stabilizers (cromolyn Na); ophthalmology referral if chronic

33
Q

Conjunctivitis education + referral criteria

A

Contagious! Cross contamination - hand washing, avoid sharing towel, cleanse eyelashes with warm sterile water, wipe in-out, stop wearing contact lenses until resolved, discard old eye makeup

Ophthalmology referral if:

  • conjunctivitis unresponsive to treatment within 2-3 days, especially if wearing contact lenses
  • associated vision loss, pain, photophobia
  • severe conjunctivitis, corneal involvement
34
Q

Dacrostenosis

A

unilateral or bilateral blocked tear ducts – common in 30% newborns; 90% resolves spontaneously by 12 mo

35
Q

Dacrostenosis S/S, DDx, findings, diagnostics, mgmt/tx

A

S/S: onset around 1-2 weeks old (newborn-1 mo), continuous or intermittent tearing with eyelash crusting, clear conjunctiva

DDx: ophthalmia neonatorum, dacrocystitis, glaucoma, intraocular inflammation, external irritation

Findings: tearing, thin mucopurulent exudate, clear conjunctiva without swelling

Mgmt/tx: gentle massage with clean finger from brow along lateral nose, intermittent use of erythromycin ointment if purulent discharge until clear, past < 12 mo needs ophthalmologist referral for possible surgical probing or silicone tube intubation

*severe dacrocystitis - ophthalmo. referral + systemic abx

36
Q

Chalazion + S/S

A

Chronic granulomatous inflammation of meibomian glands on mid upper eyelid –> well-defined, nontender cyst

S/S: slow-growing, round, painless, nonpigmented mass in mid upper eyelid; typically larger than styes

Possible slight discomfort & minimal redness at onset x few days

37
Q

Chalazion DDx, findings, mgmt/tx

A

DDx: hordeolum, blepharitis, sebaceous gland carcinoma

Findings: firm, nontender, localized nodule at mid portion of li; may become secondarily infected; large cysts may apply chronic pressure –> astigmatism

Mgmt/Tx:

  • most small chalazions resolve without treatment
  • warm compress 2-3x daily for 20 mins x2-3 days
  • treat large, recurrent, or infected cysts with LOCAL ANTIBACTERIAL DROPS/OINTMENT (sulfacetamide Na 10% qid x1 week) or systemic abx if recurrent
  • opthamolo. referral if tx unresponsive (surgical excision, curettage, or corticosteroid injections)
38
Q

Hordeolum (stye)

A

acute localized inflammation of 1+ sweat sebaceous glands (meibomian or zeisian) of eyelids

most common pathogen- Staph aureus; highest incidence in kids/teens

39
Q

Hordeolum (stye) S/S + DDx

A

S/S: sudden onset of tender, edematous red papule typically on lid margin; occasional foreign body sensation

DDx: chalazion, blepharitis, inclusion cyst

40
Q

Hordeolum (stye) findings + mgmt/tx

A

Findings: painful erythematous swelling on either eyelid side (external stye) or conjunctival (internal stye) surface

Mgmt/tx: warm, moist compress for 15 mins 3-4x daily

  • antibiotic ophthalmic ointment or drops. Sulfacetamide sodium 10%, polymixin B-bacitracin, or EES ointment
  • cleanse eyelids with diluted baby shampoo once daily
  • refer for I&D if unresponsive to treatment
  • dispose of old eye makeup; discourage makeup use until resolved; good hand/eye hygiene
41
Q

Blepharitis

Etiology + S/S

A

Common acute or chronic bilateral inflammation of eyelid margins

  1. Seborrheic - seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, allergies; worsen from chemicals, smoke, air pollution, cosmetics
  2. Staphylococcal aureus - bacterial infection of eyelash follicle
  3. Mixed

S/S: irritation, burning sensation, foreign body sensation, erythema of eyelid margins, itching eyelid margin, loss of eye lashes (esp with staph)

42
Q

Blepharitis DDx, findings, mgmt/tx

A

DDx: chalazion, conjunctivitis, superficial keratitis, hordeolum, pediculosis of eyelash

Findings: scales on eyelid margin & eyelashes (seborrheic=greasy, staph=dry)

  • erythema to lid margin & scales on eyelash (seborrheic=less red, staph=really red)
  • loss of eyelash (staph)
  • tiny ulcerated areas on lid margin (staph) –> could lead to eyelid margin distortion & possible ectropion

Mgmt/tx: warm, moist compress to lid margins several times daily

  • daily mechanical scrubbing & cleansing of lid margins with cotton-tipped applicator or soft cloth dipped in dilute baby shampoo
  • application of topical antibiotic ointment massaged into lid margins (sulfacetamide sodium 10% polymyxin B-bacitracin)
  • frequent shampooing with selenium sulfide for seborrheic dermatitis
43
Q

Peri/Orbital cellulitis

A

Orbital: soft tissue infection of orbit posterior to orbital septum; may involve extraocular muscles & optic nerve

Periorbital: inflammation/infection of skin & subcutaneous tissue around eye (no involvement of eye)

44
Q

Peri/Orbital cellulitis etiology

A

Orbital cellulitis: older kids average age 12

  • extension of bacterial sinusitis (into orbital tissues)
  • life-threatening & vision-threatening complications

Periorbital cellulitis: more common than orbital; younger kids < 6 yo (average 2 yo)

  • commonly assoc with skin diseases of eyelid/face (insect bites, impetigo, styes)
  • Staph aureus, strep pneumoniae, H influenzae, group A strep
  • Prevnar & Hib vaccines decreases annual cases
45
Q

Peri/Orbital cellulitis S/S

A

Orbital cellulitis: insidious onset of unilateral eyelid swelling, orbital pain, HA, decreased vision, fever

Periorbital cellulitis: acute onset of unilateral eyelid swelling (upper eyelid), warmth, swelling, skin tenderness, eye/vision normal, maybe systemic s/s (fever 102F & rhinorrhea)

46
Q

Peri/Orbital cellulitis DDx + physical findings

A

DDx: differentiate btwn orbital, periorbital, preseptal cellulitis

  • edema s/t trauma
  • allergic periorbital edema
  • insect bite on eyelid with local allergic rxn (swellling)
  • orbital malignancies (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma vs orbital cellulitis)

Orbital cellulitis findings:

  • lid edema & redness (unlike periorbital on eyebrow)
  • unilateral
  • chemosis
  • proptosis
  • decreased ocular mobility
  • decreased visual acuity
  • ophthalmoplegia (eye muscle paralysis) & proptosis (eyeball protrusion) – classic findings for orbital

Periorbital cellulitis findings:

  • unilateral eyelid edema
  • erythema
  • tenderness of overlying skin
  • visual acuity & ocular mobility from periorbital cellulitis
47
Q

Peri/Orbital cellulitis diagnostics + mgmt/tx

A

Diagnostics:

  • visual acuity exam (orbital cellulitis = decreased vision)
  • CT scan of sinuses (determine sinus involvement)
  • oral contrast enhanced CT scan of orbit (determine orbital vs periorbital & any orbital complications
  • CBC with diff (leukocytosis present with both; more common with orbital)
  • blood/eye cultures to R/O concurrent sepsis & ID pathogen
  • LP on infants for meningitis

Mgmt/tx:

  1. Hospitalization for IV abx
    - all pts with suspected orbital cellulitis
    - pts < 1 yo
    - anyone with sepsis s/s
    - immunocompromised
    - uncertain F/U
    - no improvement post 48 h of outpatient mgmt
  2. Outpatient mgmt with IM ceftriaxone –> PO abx & close F/U. 1st like abx = amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (augmentin) & cefixime
    - pts > 1 yo
    - early periorbital cellulitis
    - not sick appearing
    - adequate F/U
48
Q

Cataracts

A

partial or complete opacity/blockage of lens

49
Q

Cataracts etiology & S/S

A

Can be partial or bilateral

Congenital: TORCH infections, genetic anomalies, premature, drug exposure, or metabolic abnormalities

Acquired: trauma to eye (child abuse)

  • systemic disease (DM, trisomy 21, hypoparathyroidism, galactosemia, atopic dermatitis, hypocalcemia, Marfan’s syndrome, neurofibromatosis
  • toxins, drugs, radiation, long-term systemic corticosteroid or ocular steroid drops
  • about 30% hereditary, 30% syndrome/disease related

Complications: amblyopia, partial/complete blindness

S/S: possible decreased visual acuity; no associated pain but photophobia; evaluate underlying disease

50
Q

Cataracts DDx, physical findings, mgmt/tx

A

DDx: retinoblastoma, glaucoma

Physical findings: decreased visual acuity, strabismus (can be initial sign in child), leukocoria (absent red reflex), black dots around red reflex, or white plaque-like opacities

Mgmt/tx: prompt opthalmologist referral; surgical or visual correction

51
Q

Glaucoma

A

Increased intraocular pressure from altered aqueous fluid circulation in one or both eye = optic nerve damage with visual acuity loss or blindness if untreated

52
Q

Glaucoma etiology, S/S, DDx

A

Congenital: first 3 years of life (40% at birth, 85% by 1)
Juvenile: begins btwn 3-30 yo
(2/3 are male)

Primary etiology: isolated anomaly

Secondary etiology: other ocular or systemic abnormalities (trauma, intraocular hemorrhage, intraocular tumor, cataracts, corticosteroid use, Marfan’s, neurofibromatosis, congenital rubella syndrome, Pierre Robins syndrome)

S/S: classic triad (photophobia, epiphora (abnormal tear outflow), belpharospasm (eyelid spasm)
-decreased vision in periphery first, tunnel vision

DDx: cataracts

53
Q

Glaucoma physical findings, diagnostics, mgmt/tx

A

Findings: corneal enlargement (corneal diameter > 12 mm), corneal haziness, edema, conjunctival injection, irregular Hirschburg/corneal light reflex

Hallmark = increased intraocular pressure

Diagnostics: glaucoma pressure test

Mgmt/tx: prompts opthalmologist referral; surgery first line then postop steroids, cycloplegic drops; topical beta blockers, adrenergic agents, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

54
Q

Strabismus

A

ocular misalignment “lazy or cross eyed”

Exotropia: outward deviation
Esotropia: inward deviation
Hypotropia: downward deviation
Hypertropia: upward deviation

Diplopia = double vision

constant = tropia
intermittent = phoria

*esotropia most common

55
Q

Strabismus etiology, S/S, DDx

A

Affects

Abnormal findings (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions