HEENT A&P

Question 1

What is the conscious and subconscious awareness of changes in the external and internal environment?

Answer 1

Sensation

Question 2

This sensation provides sensation from the internal organs

Answer 2

Visceral sensation

Question 3

What sensation includes tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive sensations?

Answer 3

Somatic sensation

Question 4

What are 4 things need to be present for a sensation to occur?

Answer 4

• Stimulus
• sensory receptor converts the stimulus to an electrical signal
• nerve pathway sends it to the brain
• A region translates and integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation

Question 5

What is the decrease in strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?

Answer 5

Adaptation

Question 6

What receptors detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells?

Answer 6

Mechanoreceptors

Question 7

What receptors detect changes in temperature?

Answer 7

Thermoreceptors

Question 8

What receptors detect pain?

Answer 8

Nociceptors

Question 9

What receptors detect light?

Answer 9

Photoreceptors

Question 10

What receptors detect the presence of chemicals in solution?

Answer 10

Chemoreceptors

Question 11

What receptors detect osmotic pressure of fluids?

Answer 11

osmoreceptors

Question 12

What receptors can be found in the somatic sensory tissues?

Answer 12

• Tactile
• Thermal
• Pain

Question 13

Where are pain receptors not found in the body?

Answer 13

In the brain

Question 14

True or false, mechanoreceptors (tactile) receptors are found in the superficial and deep dermal layers?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What temperature activates cold receptors?

Answer 15

50-105 in epidermis

Question 16

What temperature activates the warm receptors?

Answer 16

90-118 in the dermis

Question 17

At what temperature range does the body stimulate nociceptors rather than thermoreceptors?

Answer 17

less than 50

greater than 118

Question 18

What is considered slow pain?

Answer 18

chronic, aching burning and throbbing’s

Question 19

What is considered acute pain?

Answer 19

stabbing, sharp, acute

Question 20

Where are the proprioceptors found?

Answer 20

skeletal muscle
tendons
synovial joints
inner ear

Question 21

How many receptors are found in the nose for sense of smell?

Answer 21

10-100 million

Question 22

What are the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 22

olfactory cells
supporting cells
basal cells

Question 23

What is secreted by the olfactory glands that allows us to inhale odorants?

Answer 23

Mucus

Question 24

What is the olfactory pathway?

Answer 24

• detection by olfactory cilia and epithelium
• olfactory nerves extend through the cribriform plate via the olfactory bulb
• nerves synapse at olfactory bulb forming the olfactory tract
• travels to the cerebral cortex (frontal and temporal) associated with the limbic system

Question 25

What is gustation?

Answer 25

it is the sense of taste

Question 26

What are the five primary tastes?

Answer 26

``` salty sweet sour bitter umami ```

Question 27

What are the three types of epithelial cells found in the tongue?

Answer 27

- Supporting cells - Gustatory cells - Basal cells

Question 28

Describe the gustatory pathway

Answer 28

- taste buds convey impulses from CN VII,IX,X | - From tastes buds impulses travel to midbrain

Question 29

Both of these act to protect the eye from foreign objects. perspiration and direct sun

Answer 29

Eyebrows and eyelashes

Question 30

What shades the eyes during sleep, protect it from excessive light and spread lubrication over the eyeballs by blinking

Answer 30

Eyelids

Question 31

A group of glands, duct canals the that produce and drain tears in both eyes

Answer 31

Lacrimal apparatus

Question 32

What are the six extrinsic muscles of the eye

Answer 32

Superior/inferior rectus, lateral/medial rectus, superior/inferior oblique

Question 33

What is the fibrous tunic of the eye composed of?

Answer 33

The sclera and cornea

Question 34

What are the three layers of the vascular tunic?

Answer 34

The choroid, ciliary body, and iris

Question 35

This is a thin membrane that lines most the the interior of the sclera.

Answer 35

The choroid

Question 36

This consists of folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body whose capillaries secrete aqueous humor

Answer 36

Ciliary Process

Question 37

This is smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near and far vision.

Answer 37

The ciliary muscle

Question 38

This is a circular colored portion seen through the cornea

Answer 38

The iris

Question 39

What is the iris's function?

Answer 39

it regulates the amount of light that is let into the eye

Question 40

This focuses light rays onto the retina

Answer 40

The lens

Question 41

What three types of neurons can be found in the retnia?

Answer 41

Photoreceptors Bipolar cell layer Ganglion cell layer

Question 42

Cones and rods are densely concentrated in what area of the eye?

Answer 42

The fovea centralis

Question 43

what watery fluid is found in the anterior portion of the eye?

Answer 43

Aqueous humor | filtered through the ciliary process

Question 44

What is the posterior fluid found in the eye?

Answer 44

Vitreous Humor

Question 45

What is a normal Intra Ocular Pressure

Answer 45

16 mmHG

Question 46

What % of the cornea carries out refraction?

Answer 46

75%

Question 47

Are images focused on the retina upside-down?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

deficiency of what vitamin can lead to night blindness?

Answer 48

Vitamin A