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HEENT > HEENT A&P > Flashcards

HEENT A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the conscious and subconscious awareness of changes in the external and internal environment?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

This sensation provides sensation from the internal organs

A

Visceral sensation

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3
Q

What sensation includes tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive sensations?

A

Somatic sensation

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4
Q

What are 4 things need to be present for a sensation to occur?

A
  • Stimulus
  • sensory receptor converts the stimulus to an electrical signal
  • nerve pathway sends it to the brain
  • A region translates and integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation
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5
Q

What is the decrease in strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?

A

Adaptation

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6
Q

What receptors detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

What receptors detect changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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8
Q

What receptors detect pain?

A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

What receptors detect light?

A

Photoreceptors

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10
Q

What receptors detect the presence of chemicals in solution?

A

Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

What receptors detect osmotic pressure of fluids?

A

osmoreceptors

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12
Q

What receptors can be found in the somatic sensory tissues?

A
  • Tactile
  • Thermal
  • Pain
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13
Q

Where are pain receptors not found in the body?

A

In the brain

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14
Q

True or false, mechanoreceptors (tactile) receptors are found in the superficial and deep dermal layers?

A

True

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15
Q

What temperature activates cold receptors?

A

50-105 in epidermis

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16
Q

What temperature activates the warm receptors?

A

90-118 in the dermis

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17
Q

At what temperature range does the body stimulate nociceptors rather than thermoreceptors?

A

less than 50

greater than 118

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18
Q

What is considered slow pain?

A

chronic, aching burning and throbbing’s

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19
Q

What is considered acute pain?

A

stabbing, sharp, acute

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20
Q

Where are the proprioceptors found?

A

skeletal muscle
tendons
synovial joints
inner ear

21
Q

How many receptors are found in the nose for sense of smell?

A

10-100 million

22
Q

What are the three types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

olfactory cells
supporting cells
basal cells

23
Q

What is secreted by the olfactory glands that allows us to inhale odorants?

A

Mucus

24
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A
  • detection by olfactory cilia and epithelium
  • olfactory nerves extend through the cribriform plate via the olfactory bulb
  • nerves synapse at olfactory bulb forming the olfactory tract
  • travels to the cerebral cortex (frontal and temporal) associated with the limbic system
25
Q

What is gustation?

A

it is the sense of taste

26
Q

What are the five primary tastes?

A 
salty
sweet
sour
bitter 
umami
27
Q

What are the three types of epithelial cells found in the tongue?

A
  • Supporting cells
  • Gustatory cells
  • Basal cells
28
Q

Describe the gustatory pathway

A
  • taste buds convey impulses from CN VII,IX,X

- From tastes buds impulses travel to midbrain

29
Q

Both of these act to protect the eye from foreign objects. perspiration and direct sun

A

Eyebrows and eyelashes

30
Q

What shades the eyes during sleep, protect it from excessive light and spread lubrication over the eyeballs by blinking

A

Eyelids

31
Q

A group of glands, duct canals the that produce and drain tears in both eyes

A

Lacrimal apparatus

32
Q

What are the six extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Superior/inferior rectus, lateral/medial rectus, superior/inferior oblique

33
Q

What is the fibrous tunic of the eye composed of?

A

The sclera and cornea

34
Q

What are the three layers of the vascular tunic?

A

The choroid, ciliary body, and iris

35
Q

This is a thin membrane that lines most the the interior of the sclera.

A

The choroid

36
Q

This consists of folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body whose capillaries secrete aqueous humor

A

Ciliary Process

37
Q

This is smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near and far vision.

A

The ciliary muscle

38
Q

This is a circular colored portion seen through the cornea

A

The iris

39
Q

What is the iris’s function?

A

it regulates the amount of light that is let into the eye

40
Q

This focuses light rays onto the retina

A

The lens

41
Q

What three types of neurons can be found in the retnia?

A

Photoreceptors
Bipolar cell layer
Ganglion cell layer

42
Q

Cones and rods are densely concentrated in what area of the eye?

A

The fovea centralis

43
Q

what watery fluid is found in the anterior portion of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

filtered through the ciliary process

44
Q

What is the posterior fluid found in the eye?

A

Vitreous Humor

45
Q

What is a normal Intra Ocular Pressure

A

16 mmHG

46
Q

What % of the cornea carries out refraction?

A

75%

47
Q

Are images focused on the retina upside-down?

A

Yes

48
Q

deficiency of what vitamin can lead to night blindness?

A

Vitamin A

HEENT (1 decks)

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