HEENT Flashcards
1
Q
Light is focused posterior to the retina.
A
Hyperopia (also known as hypermetropia or farsightedness )
2
Q
Light is focused anterior to the retina.
A
Myopia (also known as nearsightedness )
3
Q
Light is not uniformly focused in all directions. Astigmatism is commonly a result of a cornea that is not perfectly spherical.
A
Astigmatism
4
Q
Near vision decreases progressively as a result of a decrease in the eye’s ability to accommodate. Presbyopia occurs after age 40 years.
A
Presbyopia
5
Q
A pupil constricted 1 to 2 mm that reacts to accommodation but is nonreactive to light.
A
Argyll Robertson pupil It occurs in association with neurosyphilis.
6
Q
–The condition of a deviated, or crossed, eye. –It is the nonalignment of the eyes in such a way that the object being observed is not projected simultaneously on the fovea of each eye.
A
strabismus, or tropia. _________ Nasally: Esotropia Temporally: Exotropia Upward: Hypertropia
7
Q
deviation of an eye nasally
A
Esotropia _____ strabismus, or tropia.
8
Q
deviation of an eye temporally
A
Exotropia _____ strabismus, or tropia.
9
Q
deviation of an eye upward
A
hypertropia _____ strabismus, or tropia.
10
Q
- Benign growth on conjunctiva
- –A _________ is a more vascular growth on the bulbar conjunctiva that begins at the medial canthus and extends beyond the corneal-scleral junction to the cornea.
- –This typically triangle-shaped fibrovascular connective tissue may cause astigmatism or even decreased vision if it extends toward or occludes the pupillary margin.
- –The cause is thought to be chronic dry eyes because its frequency is higher among people living near the equator.
A
pterygium
11
Q
Identify
A
pterygium
__________
- Benign growth on conjunctiva
- –A _________ is a more vascular growth on the bulbar conjunctiva that begins at the medial canthus and extends beyond the corneal-scleral junction to the cornea.
- –This typically triangle-shaped fibrovascular connective tissue may cause astigmatism or even decreased vision if it extends toward or occludes the pupillary margin.
- –The cause is thought to be chronic dry eyes because its frequency is higher among people living near the equator.
12
Q
- Benign growth on conjunctiva
- A ________ is a whitish-yellow, triangular, nodular growth on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the corneal-scleral junction (limbus);
- it does not cross on to the cornea.
A
pinguecula
13
Q
Identify
A
pinguecula
___________
- Benign growth on conjunctiva
- A ________ is a whitish-yellow, triangular, nodular growth on the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the corneal-scleral junction (limbus);
- it does not cross on to the cornea.
14
Q
bulging of the eyeball
A
Exophthalmos
Proptosis
15
Q
- the most common cause of blindness.
- a type of degenerative eye disease.
- One of the first symptoms that patients experience is a “mistiness” of vision.
- Affected patients typically give a history in which vision has become “like looking through a dirty window.”
- As the lenticular opacity increases with time, there is a diminution of visual acuity in association with glare in bright light.
- This effect results from pupillary constriction limiting the light rays passing through the central portion of the lens, where the opacity is often most dense.
A
Cataracts
16
Q
- As the lenticular opacity increases with time, there is a diminution of visual acuity in association with glare in bright light.
- This effect results from pupillary constriction limiting the light rays passing through the central portion of the lens, where the opacity is often most dense.
A
Cataracts
___________
- the most common cause of blindness.
- a type of degenerative eye disease.
- One of the first symptoms that patients experience is a “mistiness” of vision.
- Affected patients typically give a history in which vision has become “like looking through a dirty window.”
17
Q
Identify
A
Cataracts
_______
- As the lenticular opacity increases with time, there is a diminution of visual acuity in association with glare in bright light.
- This effect results from pupillary constriction limiting the light rays passing through the central portion of the lens, where the opacity is often most dense.
___________
- the most common cause of blindness.
- a type of degenerative eye disease.
- One of the first symptoms that patients experience is a “mistiness” of vision.
- Affected patients typically give a history in which vision has become “like looking through a dirty window.”
18
Q
Identify
A
Cataracts
_______
- As the lenticular opacity increases with time, there is a diminution of visual acuity in association with glare in bright light.
- This effect results from pupillary constriction limiting the light rays passing through the central portion of the lens, where the opacity is often most dense.
___________
- the most common cause of blindness.
- a type of degenerative eye disease.
- One of the first symptoms that patients experience is a “mistiness” of vision.
- Affected patients typically give a history in which vision has become “like looking through a dirty window.”
19
Q
If the eye and eyelid do not move together
A
lid lag
20
Q
is a turning outward of the eyelid margin
A
Ectropion
_____
Both entropions and ectropions may be seen as involutional changes associated with aging and may be associated with the dry eye syndrome.
21
Q
Identify
A
Ectropion
_____
is a turning outward of the eyelid margin
_______
Both entropions and ectropions may be seen as involutional changes associated with aging and may be associated with the dry eye syndrome.
22
Q
a turning inward of the lid margin in such a way that the eyelashes abrade the cornea and globe
A
Entropion
__________
Both entropions and ectropions may be seen as involutional changes associated with aging and may be associated with the dry eye syndrome.
23
Q
A
Entropion
________
a turning inward of the lid margin in such a way that the eyelashes abrade the cornea and globe
__________
Both entropions and ectropions may be seen as involutional changes associated with aging and may be associated with the dry eye syndrome.
24
Q
- a localized abscess in an eyelash follicle
- is caused by a staphylococcal infection.
- It is a painful, red infection that looks like a pimple pointing on the lid margin where the hair follicle of the eye lash or cilia is situated.
A
A stye, or acute external hordeolum
25
Identify
A stye, or acute external hordeolum
\_\_\_\_
* a localized abscess in an eyelash follicle
* is caused by a staphylococcal infection.
* It is a painful, red infection that looks like a pimple pointing on the lid margin where the hair follicle of the eye lash or cilia is situated.
26
* Increased intracranial pressure, frequently secondary to a space-occupying intracranial lesion, produces a classic picture of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* a swelling of the optic disc.
* It is believed that the increased pressure is transmitted to the optic nerve sheath, causing axoplasmic flow stasis in the disc. This in turn causes axonal swelling and secondary vascular congestion.
* The most characteristic finding is blurring of the optic disc and its margins. This occurs in association with the loss of spontaneous retinal venous pulsation, hyperemia of the disc, loss of the optic cup, hemorrhages and exudates of the disc, and dilated tortuous retinal veins.
* In spite of these changes, vision remains remarkably normal in the early or acute stages.
Papilledema
27
* The cornea may show an infiltration of cholesterol deposits around the limbus
* A whitish ring at the perimeter of the cornea is probably an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Due to advanced aging. In patients older than 40 years, this finding is usually a normal phenomenon.
arcus senilis
28
Identify
arcus senilis
\_\_\_
* The cornea may show an infiltration of cholesterol deposits around the limbus
* A whitish ring at the perimeter of the cornea is probably an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Due to advanced aging. In patients older than 40 years, this finding is usually a normal phenomenon.
29
disease of the retina that results in impairment or loss of vision.
Retinopathy
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in Americans
* The retinal findings of diabetic retinopathy are the result of retinal microangiopathy, which causes increased vascular permeability that results in macular edema and decreased vision. In addition, vascular occlusive changes result in fibrovascular proliferation, hemorrhage, and scarring.
* The early changes of **_nonproliferative retinopathy_** are capillary microaneurysms, dilatation and tortuosity of vessels, and nonperfusion of areas of the retina.
* As the disease progresses to **_proliferative retinopathy_**, retinal neovascularization appears either at the optic disc (neovascularization of the disc [NVD]) or elsewhere in the retina (neovascularization elsewhere in the retina [NVE]). Neovascularization may diminish vision still further by vitreous hemorrhage or traction detachment of the retina.
30
Leading cause of blindness in Americans/Complication of diabetes
Retinopathy
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in Americans
* The retinal findings of diabetic retinopathy are the result of retinal microangiopathy, which causes increased vascular permeability that results in macular edema and decreased vision. In addition, vascular occlusive changes result in fibrovascular proliferation, hemorrhage, and scarring.
* The early changes of **_nonproliferative retinopathy_** are capillary microaneurysms, dilatation and tortuosity of vessels, and nonperfusion of areas of the retina.
* As the disease progresses to **_proliferative retinopathy_**, retinal neovascularization appears either at the optic disc (neovascularization of the disc [NVD]) or elsewhere in the retina (neovascularization elsewhere in the retina [NVE]). Neovascularization may diminish vision still further by vitreous hemorrhage or traction detachment of the retina.
31
the result of retinal microangiopathy, which causes increased vascular permeability that results in macular edema and decreased vision. In addition, vascular occlusive changes result in fibrovascular proliferation, hemorrhage, and scarring.
(Diabetic) Retinopathy
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in Americans
* The retinal findings of diabetic retinopathy are the result of retinal microangiopathy, which causes increased vascular permeability that results in macular edema and decreased vision. In addition, vascular occlusive changes result in fibrovascular proliferation, hemorrhage, and scarring.
* The early changes of **_nonproliferative retinopathy_** are capillary microaneurysms, dilatation and tortuosity of vessels, and nonperfusion of areas of the retina.
* As the disease progresses to **_proliferative retinopathy_**, retinal neovascularization appears either at the optic disc (neovascularization of the disc [NVD]) or elsewhere in the retina (neovascularization elsewhere in the retina [NVE]). Neovascularization may diminish vision still further by vitreous hemorrhage or traction detachment of the retina.
32
capillary microaneurysms, dilatation and tortuosity of vessels, and nonperfusion of areas of the retina
(Diabetic) Retinopathy
**_nonproliferative retinopathy (early changes)_**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in Americans
* The retinal findings of diabetic retinopathy are the result of retinal microangiopathy, which causes increased vascular permeability that results in macular edema and decreased vision. In addition, vascular occlusive changes result in fibrovascular proliferation, hemorrhage, and scarring.
* The early changes of **_nonproliferative retinopathy_** are capillary microaneurysms, dilatation and tortuosity of vessels, and nonperfusion of areas of the retina.
* As the disease progresses to **_proliferative retinopathy_**, retinal neovascularization appears either at the optic disc (neovascularization of the disc [NVD]) or elsewhere in the retina (neovascularization elsewhere in the retina [NVE]). Neovascularization may diminish vision still further by vitreous hemorrhage or traction detachment of the retina.
33
retinal neovascularization appears either at the optic disc (neovascularization of the disc [NVD]) or elsewhere in the retina (neovascularization elsewhere in the retina [NVE]). Neovascularization may diminish vision still further by vitreous hemorrhage or traction detachment of the retina.
(Diabetic) Retinopathy
**_proliferative retinopathy (progressive changes)_**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in Americans
* The retinal findings of diabetic retinopathy are the result of retinal microangiopathy, which causes increased vascular permeability that results in macular edema and decreased vision. In addition, vascular occlusive changes result in fibrovascular proliferation, hemorrhage, and scarring.
* The early changes of **_nonproliferative retinopathy_** are capillary microaneurysms, dilatation and tortuosity of vessels, and nonperfusion of areas of the retina.
* As the disease progresses to **_proliferative retinopathy_**, retinal neovascularization appears either at the optic disc (neovascularization of the disc [NVD]) or elsewhere in the retina (neovascularization elsewhere in the retina [NVE]). Neovascularization may diminish vision still further by vitreous hemorrhage or traction detachment of the retina.
34
rapid alternating motion of the eyes
Nystagmus
35
* granulomatous reaction to inspissated secretions of the meibomian glands in the eyelid.
* It is caused by a blocked duct in one of the glands. The glands produce a thin, oily fluid that lubricates the eye.
Chalazion
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* A ______ may appear as a localized mass on the eyelid near the orifice of the gland, painful at first, but usually painless when chronic.
* Will often disappear without treatment within a month or so. The initial treatment is to place very hot, but not burning, 7 compresses over the eyelid for 10 to 15 minutes at least 4 times a day.
36
* refers to a symptom complex that occurs in a variety of disease states.
* The characteristic finding in all types is an increased intraocular pressure.
* well-known sequela of iritis and synechiae formation
Glaucoma
37
* pupillary size is not equal
* may be an indication of neurologic disease or can be caused by many medications
Aniscoria
38
* sympathetic paralysis of the eye that is caused by interruption of the cervical sympathetic chain.
* It is characterized by the triad of miosis (a constricted pupil), partial ptosis (a weak, droopy eyelid), apparent anhidrosis (decreased hemifacial sweating)
* May be with or without enophthalmos (inset eyeball).
Horner’s syndrome
\_\_\_\_\_\_
Caused by:
Lesion of the primary neuron
Brainstem stroke or tumor or syrinx of the preganglionic neuron – In one study, 33% of patients with brainstem lesions demonstrated Horner syndrome
Trauma to the brachial plexus
Tumors (eg, Pancoast) or infection of the lung apex
Lesion of the postganglionic neuron
Dissecting carotid aneurysm – In one study, 44% (65/146) of patients with internal extracranial carotid artery dissections had painful Horner syndrome, which remained isolated in half the cases (32/65) [3]
Carotid artery ischemia
Migraine
Middle cranial fossa neoplasm
39
* The presence of _______ is a highly specific but nonsensitive sign of gout.
* Deposits of uric acid crystals. They appear as hard nodules in the helix or antihelix.
* In rare cases, a white discharge may be seen in association with them.
tophi
40
