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PAS 501 > HEENT > Flashcards

HEENT Flashcards

1
Q

What CN pass through Internal acoustic medius

A

VII, VIII

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2
Q

What CN passes through jugular foramen

A

IX, X, XI

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3
Q

What CN passes through Superior Orbital fissure

A

V1, III, IV, VI

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4
Q

What CN passes through Foramen rotundum

A

V2

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5
Q

What CN passes through foramen ovale

A

V3

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6
Q

Sella Turcica

A

Houses pituitary gland

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7
Q

What goes through foramen magnum

A

Spinal cord
Vertebral arteries

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8
Q

What passes through hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

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9
Q

Nasion

A

Where nasal bone meets frontal bone

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10
Q

What passes through infraorbital foramen

A

Infraorbital nerve

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11
Q

Fontanelles

A

Space between bones in newborns (soft spots)

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12
Q

Coronal suture

A

Separates frontal and parietal

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13
Q

Sagittal suture

A

Separates parietal bones

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14
Q

Bregma

A

Where sagital suture meets coronal suture

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15
Q

When do sutures close

A

Between 20-30 years

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16
Q

Lambdoid suture

A

Separate parietal bones from occipital

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17
Q

Squamous suture

A

Separates parietal and temporal bones

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18
Q

Pterion

A

Where frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones meet

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19
Q

Asterion

A

Where parietal, occipital, and temporal bones meet

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20
Q

Metopic suture

A

Splits frontal bone in half
Usually closed around nine months

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21
Q

What nerve exits through Infraorbital foramen

A

Infraorbital nerve (branch of V2 (maxillary))

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22
Q

What nerve exits through mental foramen

A

Mandibular nerve (branch of V3)

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23
Q

What nerve exits through supraorbital notch/foramen

A

Opthalmic nerve (branch of V1)

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24
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) motion

A

Elevatoin (closing)
Depression (opening)
Protrusion (underbite)
Retraction (overbite)
Lateral deviation (side to side for grinding)

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25
Q

Muscles used in mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Meidal pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Uses V3 mandibular nerve

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26
Q

Temporalis

A

Elevation and retraction of mandible
Originates at temporal fossa
Insertion is coronoid process of mandible
Nerve is mandibular trigeminal nerve (V3)

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27
Q

Masseter

A

Elevation ad protrusion of mandible
Origin is zygomatic arch
Insertion is lateral aspect of ramus of mandible and angle of mandible
Nerve is mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

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28
Q

Medial Pterygoid

A

Elevatoin, protrusion, and lateral movement of mandible
Origin is medial surace of lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion is medial surface of mandible near angle
Neve is Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

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29
Q

Lateral pterygoid

A

Protrusion of mandible, depression, and side-side motion.
Origin is IT fossa and lateral aspect of pterygoid plate
Insertion is TMJ, articular disc, and neck of mandible
Nerve is Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (V3)

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30
Q

Infratemporal (IT) fossa muscles

A

Inferior temporalis
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid

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31
Q

Infratemporal (IT) fossa vessels

A

Maxillary artery
Pterygoid venous plexus

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32
Q

Only branch of trigeminal that is motor

A

V3 (also has sensory branches)

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33
Q

Infratemporal (IT) fossa nerves

A

Mandibular nerve (from V3)

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34
Q

Sensory branches of V1

A

Supratrochlear
Supraorbital
Lacrimal
Infratrochlear
External nasal

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35
Q

Sensory branches of V2

A

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital

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36
Q

Sensory branches of V3

A

Auriculotemporal
Inferior alveolar
Lingual
Mental
Buccal

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37
Q

Motor branches of V3

A

Masseteric nerve
Deep temporal nerve
Nerve to lateral pterygoid
Nerve to medial pterygoid

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38
Q

Occipitofrontalis

A

Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead
Facial nerve

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39
Q

Orbicularis occuli

A

Palpebral does blinking
Orbital does closing eye tightly
Facial nerve

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40
Q

Procerus

A

Pulls skin between eyebrows downward.
Facial nerve

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41
Q

Corrugator supercilii

A

Brings eyebrows medial and downward.
Facial nerve

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42
Q

Zygomatus major

A

Elevates corners of mouth. (closed lips smile)
Facial nerve

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43
Q

Orbicularis oris

A

Closes oral fissure (lips)
Protrudes lips
Facial nerve

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44
Q

Levator labii superioris

A

Elevates upper lip
Facial nerve

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45
Q

Levator anguli oris

A

Elevats angle of mouth (smile)
facial nerve

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46
Q

Depressor anguli oris

A

Depresses angle of mouth (frown)
Facial nerve

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47
Q

Depressor labii inferioris

A

Depresses lower lip
Facial nerve

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48
Q

Buccinator

A

Puff cheeks out but orbicularis oris stops air from coming out.
Hold food in place.
Facial nerve

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49
Q

Platysma

A

Tenses skin of inferior face and neck
Facial nerve

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50
Q

Parotid gland

A

Salivary gland that drains into mouth through Stensen’s duct aross masseter and run in buccal fat pad before piercing buccinator.
Empties intal oral cavity opposite second upper molar.

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51
Q

Layers of scalp

A

Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

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52
Q

Scalp proper

A

firs three layers of scalp
Tightly bound and move as unit
Skin
CT
APoneurosis

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53
Q

Skin of scalp parts

A

Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Hair follicles

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54
Q

Where are the vessels of the scalp

A

Second layer of dense connective tissue

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55
Q

Galea aponeurotica

A

Connects frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis

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56
Q

Loose connective tissue of scalp

A

Where the veins of scalp are.
Allow for free movement of more superficial three layers of scalp

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57
Q

Emissionary veins

A

Pass through foraminsa of skull to provide venous communicationo between dural venous sinuses and veins of scalp.
Thin walled
Valveless
Route infection can spread to intracranial

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58
Q

Pericranium

A

Dense CT of scalp.
External periosteum of neurocranium.
Firmly attached to bone

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59
Q

Four main branchs of subclavian artery

A

Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Costcocervical trunk

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60
Q

Branches of external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Maxillary
Posterior auricular
Superficial temporal artery

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61
Q

Veins of head and neck

A

Superficial temporal
Retromandibular
Posterior auricular
External jugular
Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Maxillary
Facial
Internal jugular

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62
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII) motor function

A

Muscles for facial expression
Stapedius
Stylohyoid and posterior belly digastric

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63
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII) sensory function

A

Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

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64
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII) parasympathetic function

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Lacriminal gland and minor mucosal glands of nasal cavity and palate.

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65
Q

Facial nerve (CN VII) pathway

A

Pons–> internal acoustic meatus –> facial canal–> stylomstoid foramen

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66
Q

Bones of roof of nasal cavity

A

Frontal bone
Ethmoid
Nasal bone
Sphenoid

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67
Q

Greater petrosal nerve

A

CN VII branch
Leaves facial canal early and innervates mucous glands to make mucous in nose.
(parasympathetic)

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68
Q

Bones of floor of nasal cavity

A

Horizontal plate of palatine bone
Palatine process of maxilla

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69
Q

Bones of lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

Superior and middle concha (ethmoid)
Inferior concha (independent bone)
Medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid
Perpendicular plate of palatine bone

70
Q

Conchae (turbinates)

A

Increases surface area of nasal cavity
Warms and humidifies air
Superior, middle, and inferior

71
Q

Four pairs of paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Maxillary
Sphenoid

72
Q

Sphenoethmoidal recess

A

pace between superior nasal concha (ethmoid) and sphenoid bone
Has openings for sphenoid sinus

73
Q

Superior meatus

A

Space inferior to superior concha
Opening for posterior ethmoidal air cells

74
Q

Middle meatus

A

Space inferior to middle nasal concha
Openings for frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells.

75
Q

Inferior meatus

A

Space inferior to inferior nasal concha
Opening for nasolacrimal duct

76
Q

Semilunar hiatus

A

Openings for frontal, maxillary, and anterior ethmoidal cells

77
Q

Ethmoid bulla

A

In the middle meatus
Contains openings or middle ethmoidal air cells

78
Q

What bone does Olefactory nerve (CN I) pass through

A

Cribiform plate

79
Q

Three main arteries of nasal cavity

A

Opthalmic (into anterior and osterior ethmoidal)
Maxillary (into sphenopalatine and greater palatine)
Facial (into septal branch of superior labial)

80
Q

Kiesselbach’s plexus

A

Five artery aastomes in nasa l cavity
Anterior ethmoidal (opthalmic)
Posterior ethmoidal(opthalmic)
Sphenopalatine (maxillary)
Greater palatine (maxillary)
Septal branches of superior labial (facial)

81
Q

Oral fissure

A

Opening to oral cavity (lips)

82
Q

Oral vestibule

A

Slit-like space between teeth and gingivae

83
Q

Hard palate

A

Anterior 2/3 of oral cavity roof
Maxilla
Palatine bone
Separates nasal and oral cavities

84
Q

Soft palate

A

Muscle and CT
Uvula

85
Q

How many teeth

A

32

86
Q

How are the teeth devided in each quadrant

A

2 incisors
1 canine
2 premolars
3 molars

87
Q

Palatoglossus

A

Elevates posterior tongue
Origin is soft palate
Insertion is broadly across tongue
Innervated by Vagus (CN X)

88
Q

Genioglossus

A

Protrude, depress, deaw ack tip, lateral movement of tongue.
Origin is mandible
Insertion is Hyoid bone and tongue
Innervated by Hpoglossal (CN XII)

89
Q

Styloglossus

A

Retract and elevate tongue
Origin is styloid process
Insertion is Lateral tongue
Innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII)

90
Q

Hyoglossus

A

Depress and retract tongue
Origin is hyoid bone
Insertion is lateral tongue
Innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII)

91
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands and nerves that innervate them

A

Parotid glands (CN IX)
Submandibular glands (CN VII)
Sublingual glands (CN VII)

92
Q

Four sets of tonsils

A

Pharyngeal (adenoids) at roof of nasopharynx
Tubal posterior to opening of auditory tube
Palatine in tonsillar fossa
Lingual at root of tongue

93
Q

Danger space

A

Posterior to retropharyngeal space and continuous with mediastinum.
Between alar fascia and prevertebral fascia.
Route for spread of infection between neck and posterior mediastinum

94
Q

Choana

A

Posterior spaces connecting right and left nasal cavity to the nasopharynx

95
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Equalizes pressure between middle ear and external environment.
Opens to nasopharynx

96
Q

Torus tubarius

A

Cartilaginous opening of the auditory tube that opens into nasopharynx

97
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

A

On roof of nasopharynx.
Occlude nasopharynx when enlarged

98
Q

Oropharynx

A

Posterior to oral cavity,
Between soft palate and epiglotis
Food and air

99
Q

Palatine tonsil

A

On each side of oropharynx
Visibl through open mouth when tongue depressed

100
Q

Lingual tonsil

A

Located on posterior 1/3 of tongue

101
Q

Vallecula

A

Between base of tongue and epiglottis
Posterior to lingual tonsil

102
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Extends from superior margin of epiglottis to top of esophagus.
Air and food

103
Q

Epiglottis

A

Folds over laryngeal inlet during wallowing to direct food into esophagu

104
Q

Cricopharyngeus muscle

A

Makes upper esophageal sphincter

105
Q

Esophagus

A

Muscular tube that is 10 inches lng.

106
Q

Pharyngeal constrictors

A

Contract involuntarily to move food into esophagus

107
Q

Zenker’s diverticulum

A

Between cricopharyngeus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor
Mucosal herniation (false)
Vomit undigested food
Need diverticulectomy

108
Q

Larynx

A

Voice production
Continuous with trachea inferiorly

109
Q

What cartilage makes up larynx

A

3 unpaired (epiglottic, thyroid, cricoid)
3 paired (arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms)

110
Q

Epiglotic cartilage

A

Attached anteriorly to inner surface of anterior thyroid cartilage.
Epiglottis closes off laryngeal inlet during swallowing

111
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

Largest laryngeal cartilage
Laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
C shape opening posteriorly
Suspended from thyrohypiid membrane/ligament superiorly
Articulates with cricoid cartilage inferiorly
Vocal ligaments attache to inner wall

112
Q

Cricothyroid joint

A

Inferior horn of thyroid cartilage articulates with cricoid cartilage.
Allows for movement of thyroid cartilage changing length of vocal ligaments (adduction and abduction)

113
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

Complete ring
Attaches superiorly to thyroid cartilage by cricothyroid ligament

114
Q

Arytenoid cartilages

A

it on posterior portion of cricoid cartilage
Movements manipulate vocal ligaments and opening of rima glottids

115
Q

Vocal ligaments

A

Attach to arytenoid and thyroid cartilage.

116
Q

Cuneiform and Corniculate cartilages

A

Superior to arytenoid cartilages
Provide support and structure to aryepiglottic folds.

117
Q

What is the only abductor of true vocal cord

A

Posterior cricoarytenoids

118
Q

What is the main adductor of true volca cord

A

Lateral cricoarytenoid.
Aided by cricothyroid, thyroarytenoids, vocalis, transerse, oblique

119
Q

Neck compartments

A

Visceral
Vascular (carotid sheath)
Vertebral

120
Q

Superficial cervical fascia parts and function

A

Neurovascule supply to skin
Superficial veins
Superficial lymph nodes
Fat
Patysma

121
Q

Deep cervical fascia layers

A

Investing
Pretrachial
Carotid sheath
Prevertebral

122
Q

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

A

Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius

123
Q

Pretracheal deep cervical fascia

A

Thyroid
Trachea
Larynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Infrahyoid muscles

124
Q

Carotid sheath of deep cervical fascia

A

Common carotid artery
Internal carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Accessory nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

125
Q

Prevertebral deep cervical fascia

A

Vertebral column
Paraspinous muscles
Scalenes
Cervical sympathetic trunk (depends)

126
Q

Where is the retropharyngeal space

A

Between buccopharyngeal fascia and alar fascia
Ends at about T1

127
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Turning head and looking down
Attaches to sternum, clavicle, mastoid process
Inervated by CN XI

128
Q

Trapezius

A

Elevate, depress, retract, protract, adn rotate scapulae
Attaches to occipital bone, nuchal ligament, C7-T12, clavicle, scapular spine
Innnervated by CN XI

129
Q

Borders of anterior triangle

A

Midline
Sternocleidomastoid
Mandible

130
Q

Where to listen to carotid for bruits

A

Anterior triangle

131
Q

Posterior triangle borders

A

Middle one-third of clavicle
Anterior margen of trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid

132
Q

What can be found in posterior triangle

A

Superficial cervical plexus
Spinal accessory nerve
Occipital artery
Subclavian artery
Subclavian vein
External jugular vein
Omohyoid muscle
Lymph nodes

133
Q

Anterior and middle scalene muscle

A

Elevate rib 1
Innervated by anterior rami of C3-C8

134
Q

Posterior scalene muscle

A

Elevate rib 2
Innervated by anterior rami of C3-C8

135
Q

What runs between anterior and middle scalene muscles

A

Subclavian artery

136
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
Ptosis (droopy eyes)
Miosis (pupils constrict)
Anhidrosis (no sweat)

137
Q

Thyroid gland blood supply

A

Superior thyroid artery
Inferior thyroid artery

138
Q

Thyroid gland venous drainage

A

Superior throid vein and Middle thyroid vein go to internal jugular
INferior thyroid veins go to brachiocephalic veins

139
Q

Where to recurrent laryngeal nerves run

A

Tracheoesophageal grooves

140
Q

Fibrous layer of globe

A

Sclera
Cornea

141
Q

Sclera

A

Site of attachment for extraocular muscles
Helps shape eyeball
Continuous with optic sheath

142
Q

Path of light

A

Cornea–> Anterior chamber–> Pupil–> Posterior chamber–> Lens–> vitreous chamber–> retina

143
Q

Cornea

A

Continuous with sclera
Avascular
Refracts light
CN V1

144
Q

Vascular layer of globe

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris

145
Q

Choroid

A

Blood supply to outer layers of retina
Branches of ophthalmic artery

146
Q

Ciliary body

A

Connects coroids with iris
Attaches to lens via zonular fibers
Ciliary processes secrete aqueous humor

147
Q

Aqueous humor flow

A

Posterior chamber to anterior chamber to canal of Schlemn into scleral venous plexus

148
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Aqueous humor
Posterior to cornea and anterior to iris

149
Q

Posterior chamber

A

Aqueous humor
Posterior to iris and anterior to lense

150
Q

Sphincter pupillae

A

Constricts pupil.
Parasympathetic

151
Q

Dilator pupillae

A

Dilates pupil

152
Q

Two muscles of iris

A

Sphincter pupillae
Dilator pupillae

153
Q

Lens

A

Avascular
No innervation
Refracts light

154
Q

Retina

A

Pigmented
Neural

155
Q

Macula lutea

A

Thinnest area of retina
Highest visual acuity (concentrated cones)
Contains fovea centralis

156
Q

Fovea centralis

A

Lots of cones
No rods

157
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

Elevation of upper eyelid
Origin is lesser wing of sphenoid
Insertion is anterior surface of tarsal plate
Innervated by CN III

158
Q

Supeior rectus

A

Elevation, adduction, internal rotation of eyeball
Origin is superior part of common tendinous ring
Insertion is anterior half of eyeball superiorly
Innervated by CN III

159
Q

Inferior rectus

A

Depression, adduction, external rotation of eyeball
Origin is inferior part of common tendinous ring.
Innsertion is anterior half of eyeball inferiorly
Innervation is CN III

160
Q

Medial rectus

A

Adduction of eyeball
Origin is medial part of common tendinous ring
Insertion is anterior half of eyeball medially
CN III

161
Q

Lateral rectus

A

Adduction of eyeball
Origin is lateral part of common tendinous ring
Insertion is anterior half of eyeball laterally
Innervated by CN VI

162
Q

Superior oblique

A

Depression, abduction, internal rotation of eyeball
Origin is body of sphenoid superior and medial to optic canal.
Insertion is outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (superior)
Innervated by CN IV

163
Q

Inferior oblique

A

Elevation, abduction, external rotation of eyeball
Origin is medial floor of orbit posterior to rim
Insertion is outer posterior quadrant of eyeball (inferior)
Innervated by CN III

164
Q

Presbyopia

A

Lens loses clarity and elasticity as we age.

165
Q

Tensor tympani muscle

A

Tenses ossicles when around loud noises

166
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Superior pair and inferior pair
Supplied by inferior thyroid arteries
Drained by superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

167
Q

Two drainage ducts of lymphatic system

A

Right
Thoracic

168
Q

What all drains into thoracic duct

A

Everything below diaphragm
Left side of thorax
Left side of head and neck
Left upper limb

169
Q

What all drains into right duct

A

Right side of thorax
Right side of head and neck
RIght upper limb

170
Q

Terminal branches of external carotid artery

A

Maxillary
Superficial temporal

171
Q

Nerves of superficial cervical plexus

A

Transverse cervical
Lesser occipital
Greater auricular
Supraclavicular

172
Q
A

PAS 501 (1 decks)

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