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HEENT - Basic Science > HEENT > Flashcards

HEENT Flashcards

Module 2

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 layers of the eye from outside to inside?

A

sclera, choroid, retina

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2
Q

Names for posterior and anterior portion of Sclera?

A

Posterior - Sclera

Anterior - Cornea

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3
Q

What nourishes the sclera?

A

lacrimal fluid and oxygen from atmosphere

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4
Q

Describe the choroid

A

dark vascular layer in posterior portion, prevents light from scattering inside the eye

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5
Q

Anterior portion of choroid and describe where it is?

A

Ciliary Body

ring shaped part of middle layer behind the iris

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6
Q

How much of posterior eye is covered by retina?

what does it have and what does that do?

A

2/3

photoreceptor convert light energy to nerve impulses

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6
Q

What does ciliary muscle control?

A

shape of the lens

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6
Q

2 parts of the ciliary body and function?

A

muscle - controls shape of lens

processess - secrets aqueous humor

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6
Q

3 parts of the choroid?

A

Choroid, Ciliary body, iris

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6
Q

What does the ciliary process do?

A

secretes aqueous humor

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7
Q

6 parts of middle eye?

A

choroid, ciliary body, ciliary muscle, ciliary processes, iris, pupil

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7
Q

3 things in the retina?

A

rods, cones, fovea

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8
Q

What type of inheritance is color blindness?

who does it most affect?

most common type?

A

X-linked recessive

Males > Females (8% to 5%)

Red-Green

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9
Q

What focuses the light entering the eye on the retina?

A

lens

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10
Q

What flexes the lens and when it adjusts to focus on objects of varying distances, what is that called?

A

Ciliary Muscle

Accomodation

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11
Q

Normal name for myopia?
where are rays focused in comparison to retina?
eyeball to long or too short?
fixed by what?

A

nearsightedness

in front of retina

too long

biconcave lens

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12
Q

Normal name for hyperopia?
where are rays focused in comparison to retina?
eyeball to long or too short?
fixed by what?

A

farsightedness

behind retina

too short

binconvex lens

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13
Q

what is astigmatism?
what does that do to light rays?
3 ways to correct it?

A

irregular curvature of the cornea or lens

bent unevenly

glasses, contacts, LASIK

14
Q

Posterior Cavity runs from what to what?
filled with what?
when is it formed?
function?
describe floaters?

A

lens to retina

vitreous humor (jelly-like)

embryonic development

shape

strands that form with aging in posterior cavity

15
Q

Anterior Cavity runs from what to what?
filled with what?
function of what its filled with?

A

cornea and lens

aqueous humor

supplies nutrients to lens and cornea

16
Q

Anterior chamber runs from what to what?
Posterior chamber runs from what to what?

A

cornea -> iris

Iris -> lens

17
Q

How many of each eye muscle do we have?

A

4 rectus, 2 oblique

18
Q

What is strabismus?
Causes (3)?
if not caught early, what can it cause?
common symptom?

A

one eye deviates to one side

strong/weak muscle, cerebral hemisphere disease, thyroid disease

amblyopia

diplopia

19
Q

what is amblyopia?

A

lazy eye

20
Q

3 causes of nystagmus?

A

inner ear disturbance, CN lesion, Drugs

21
Q

What is ptosis?
2 causes?

A

drooping of the eyelid

bell’s palsy, myasthenia gravis

22
Q

What cranial nerve controls pupillary reaction?

A

CN 3

23
Q

How many muscles does iris contain?
names?
function? sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

2

Circular (sphincter) - contracts in response to parasympathetic (constricted pupil)
Radial - contracts in response to sympathetic (dilated pupil)

24
Q

Pupillary Drug Reactions

Constricted?
Red? (3)
Dilated?

A

opiates

weed, benzos, sedatives

stimmies, and hallucinogens

25
Q

Accommodation changes what?
By what muscle and what ligament?
Stimulated by what nerve?
what inhibits accommodation (3)?
symptoms? (3)

A

thickness of lens

ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament

CN 3, oculomotor nerve

aging, inflammation, disease of CN3

diplopia, blurred vision, headaches

26
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

loss of accommodation due to aging, lens becomes larger/more firm, reduced near-sighted vision (parents with menu)

27
Q

What is a cataract?
Causes? (5)
Symptoms? (4)
Treatment? (1)

A

cloudiness of the lens

aging, diabetes, sun damage, congenital (rubella/toxoplasmosis), trauma

decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, glare, decreased color perception

surgery, damaged lens is replaced by artificial lens

28
Q

Leading cause of blindness in the world?
Leading cause of preventable blindness in the world?

A

Cataracts

trachoma

29
Q

Glaucoma is caused by what?
What age group gets chronic glaucoma?
Caused by what due to degeneration of ____ and ____
What does higher IOP compress and what does that cause?

A

excessive accumulation of aqueous humor

> 50

outflow obstruction of aqueous humor, trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm

compresses blood flow to retina causing ischemia

30
Q

Glaucoma sx (2)
_____ appears _____ or _____ on exam?
treatment?

A

gradual loss of peripheral vision, “halos” around lights

optic disc eroded or cupped

eye drops to reduce secretion of aqueous humor or to constrict pupil

31
Q

what is displaced and what does it move towards in closed angle glaucoma?
what can build up to cause this?
causes? (3)
symptoms? (4)
Exam findings? (2)
Type of surgery for this? and what does that surgery do

A

iris towards cornea

debris

developmental abnormality, aging, scarring (trauma/infection)

sudden onset eye pain, nausea, headache, blurred vision

pupil dilated/unresponsive to light / cornea appears bulging/cloudy

Iridectomy - removal of part of iris to open passageway for drainage into canal of schlemm

32
Q

Two forms of macular degeneration? which is worse?

What does neovascular (wet) do to the eye?
What does dry do to the eye?

risk factors? (4)

Wet treatment?
Dry Treatment?

A

Neovascular (wet) and Atropic (dry)
Neovascular (wet) is worse

rapid loss of central vision
more common, progressive, limited night vision and difficulty reading

HTN, Smoking, DM, FHx

anti-vegF injections
antioxidant vitamins (lutein and zeaxanthin)

33
Q

Macular degeneration is major cause of blindness in what age?
Where does it occur in the eye?

A

> 60 years old

fovea centralis

34
Q

What does conjunctivitis cause inflammation of? (2)
sx? (3)
What virus causes conjunctivitis? sx?
4 most common pathogens that cause pinkeye?

A

conjunctiva lining the eyes and sclera

redness, itching, excessive tearing with discharge

adenovirus, watery d/c, redness, photophobia

Staphylcoccus, Haemophilus, Strep Pnuemoniae, M. Cat

35
Q

What infection causes Trachoma?

Where does the infection occur? what does it produce?

two symptoms?

if not treated, what happens?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

upper eyelid, pearl-like follicles

scratchy eye, no exudate

eyelids scar and turn lashes inward causing recurrent corneal abrasions

36
Q

Keratitis is inflammation of the what?

3 causes? and what is the most common pathogen

2 symptoms?

treatment?

what is the risk? _____ -> _____ -> _____

A

cornea

bacterial, viral (herpes simplex), or injury

severe pain and photophobia

optho referral

ulceration of cornea -> scarring -> permanent vision problems

37
Q

what happens during retinal detachment?

3 causes?

3 symptoms?

treatment?

A

retina tears away from choroid, allows vitreous humor to flow behind causing worse tear, cells stop functioning because can’t get nutrients from choroid

severe myopia, aging, scar tissue that creates tension on retina

NO PAIN, floating spots, darkened curtain

surgery before irreversible damage to the dying retinal cells occurs

38
Q

Purpose of rods? Location?
Purpose of cones? Location?
Purpose of fovea? Location?

A

peripheral vision and dim light, periphery

color and detail, center of retina

central vision, center posterior of retina

HEENT - Basic Science (1 decks)

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