Hedgehogs Flashcards
Case Study 1:
A European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is brought to your clinic with a history of decreased activity and a noticeable limp. The owner reports that the hedgehog often tries to climb out of its enclosure, despite showing signs of foot discomfort. Upon examination, you notice there is swelling in the distal limb, and the hedgehog is moving with a slow, steady waddle. Radiographs reveal no fractures, but there is slight fusion of the tibia and fibula indicative of normal skeletal anatomy.
Question:
Regarding the European Hedgehog’s skeletal features, what anatomical characteristic can be considered normal for this species?
A) Presence of separate tibia and fibula allowing flexible joint rotation
B) Fusion of tibia and fibula distally, contributing to its plantigrade stance
C) Bipedal movement due to unfused tibia and fibula
Correct Answer: B) Fusion of tibia and fibula distally, contributing to its plantigrade stance
Case Study 2:
A pet owner brings in an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) complaining that it is refusing solid food and is unable to capture its live prey as usual. Upon close examination of its oral cavity, you observe that the large first incisors project forward but seem unfit for effective prey spearing, possibly due to dental overgrowth. The hedgehog has adequate body condition otherwise, but appears lethargic.
Question:
Which aspect of the dental structure of the African Pygmy Hedgehog aids in the capture and consumption of prey?
A) Brachydont teeth adapted for spearing large prey through a broad incisor arrangement
B) Small incisors insufficient for manipulation of prey items due to dental attrition
C) Large forward-projecting first incisors in each quadrant to spear and aid in handling prey
Correct Answer: C) Large forward-projecting first incisors in each quadrant to spear and aid in handling prey
Case Study:
A hedgehog is brought to your clinic for evaluation of frequent vomiting and a noticeable lack of fecal output. The owner is concerned as the hedgehog normally has soft but formed feces. During the examination, the hedgehog demonstrates its defense mechanism by rolling up tightly. You determine that the digestive issue may be related to the unique anatomical features of its digestive system, including the absence of certain structures.
Question:
Which anatomical feature of the hedgehog’s digestive system contributes to its capability to vomit, differentiating it from many other small mammals?
A) Presence of a complex multi-chambered stomach
B) Simple stomach with a vomiting reflex
C) Presence of a cecum for fermentation
Correct Answer: B) Simple stomach with a vomiting reflex
A male hedgehog is presented to the clinic with a swollen abdomen and differing fur appearance on its mid-abdomen. The owner is concerned about the hedgehog’s interaction with other animals as it often uses its tight rolling ability for defense. Upon further physical examination, you note that the swelling is not in a standard scrotal sac as seen in other mammals.
Question:
Where are the testes located in the male hedgehog, considering its unique reproductive anatomy?
A) Within a visible scrotal sac near the tail
B) In the para-anal recess, without a scrotal sac
C) Directly under the skin in the mid-abdomen
Correct Answer: B) In the para-anal recess, without a scrotal sac
A hedgehog is brought to your clinic for evaluation after the owner noticed it was making unusual hissing and screaming noises, especially at night. The owner also mentions the hedgehog often displays self-anointing behavior by spreading a frothy mixture over its spines. During your assessment, you focus on potential environmental stressors and ensure the hedgehog’s housing meets its specific needs.
Question:
What is a likely cause of the hissing and screaming behavior observed in this hedgehog?
A) Intense distress or agitation possibly due to a perceived threat in its environment
B) Normal contentment sounds, indicating a well-adjusted hedgehog
C) Typical foraging sounds made during feeding
Correct Answer: A) Intense distress or agitation possibly due to a perceived threat in its environment
An owner contacts you about their pet hedgehog, which seems to bump into objects and has difficulty navigating its cage. The hedgehog is housed in a secure 2x3 foot cage with appropriate substrate and substrate depth. The owner is concerned about its sensory capabilities, noting the hedgehog doesn’t seem to respond visually but shows strong responses to sound and smell.
Question:
What is likely contributing to the hedgehog’s navigation issues within its environment?
A) Poor olfactory sensitivity, leading to disorientation
B) Monochromatic and less developed vision in hedgehogs
C) Hearing issues due to lack of exposure to appropriate sound frequencies
Correct Answer: B) Monochromatic and less developed vision in hedgehogs
During a routine check-up, the owner of a hedgehog reports hearing various vocalizations at different times of the day. The owner describes hearing sounds that include low-pitched grunts, soft snuffling, and loud screams at night. These sounds make the owner anxious about the hedgehog’s well-being, especially the louder vocalizations.
Question:
Which vocalization is most indicative of a hedgehog foraging for food?
A) Hissing
B) Snuffling
C) Grunts and Squeals
Correct Answer: B) Snuffling
Question:
Which vocalization indicates intense distress in hedgehogs?
A) Snuffling
B) Screams
C) Grunts & Squeals
Correct Answer: B) Screams
Grunts and squeals are typically associated with what behavior in hedgehogs?
A) Seeking food
B) Courtship or interaction with offspring
C) Expressing distress in response to a threat
Correct Answer: B) Courtship or interaction with offspring
A hedgehog is presented with obesity concerns. The owner is currently feeding the animal a mix of commercially prepared hedgehog kibble and ferret food, with some fresh vegetables. The owner allows the hedgehog unlimited access to its food and regularly provides mealworms for enrichment. Given its weight gain, you suspect dietary mismanagement as the root cause of the issue.
Question:
What aspect of the hedgehog’s diet is most likely contributing to its obesity?
A) Feeding ferret food which is too high in fat
B) Providing mealworms for enrichment
C) Allowing access to commercially prepared hedgehog kibble
Correct Answer: A) Feeding ferret food which is too high in fat
A female hedgehog has gained weight and lately exhibited nesting behavior. The owner believes she might be pregnant but is concerned about her diet. She is fed 3-4 teaspoons of premium low-fat cat food daily, along with some leafy greens and occasional grapes. The owner wants to ensure she receives appropriate nutrition during this critical period.
Question:
What dietary adjustment is necessary to support this potentially pregnant hedgehog?
A) Increase the amount of food provided ad libitum
B) Replace low-fat cat food with ferret food to increase protein intake
C) Reduce the portion of leafy greens and grapes offered
Correct Answer: A) Increase the amount of food provided ad libitum
Case 1:
A 3-week-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented to your clinic with its owner. The owner reports that the hedgehog has started exploring outside the nest but seems uninterested in solid food. Upon examination, you notice the hedgehog’s eyes are open, and it can partially roll into a ball. The owner is concerned about the hedgehog’s development and asks about teeth emergence.
Question 1: Based on the normal developmental timeline for African pygmy hedgehogs, what would be your primary concern in this case?
A) Delayed eye opening
B) Delayed teeth emergence
C) Premature exploration behavior
Correct answer: B) Delayed teeth emergence
Case 2:
You are consulted about a breeding pair of African pygmy hedgehogs. The female gave birth to 4 pups 2 days ago. The breeder wants to check on the pups and handle them to ensure they’re developing properly. The nest appears undisturbed, and the mother seems attentive. The breeder mentions that one pup looks slightly smaller than the others.
Question 2: What is the most appropriate advice to give the breeder regarding nest management in this situation?
A) Immediately remove the smallest pup for hand-rearing
B) Advise against disturbing the nest for at least 3-8 more days
C) Recommend daily handling of pups to monitor development
Correct answer: B) Advise against disturbing the nest for at least 3-8 more days
Case 1:
A 2-week-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought to your clinic for hand-rearing after its mother rejected it. The owner has been feeding it a commercial puppy milk replacer every 3 hours. The hedgehog weighs 22g, which is 4g less than its littermates. It appears weak and has a poor suckle reflex.
Question 1: What is the most appropriate next step in managing this hedgehog’s nutrition?
A) Continue with the current feeding regimen but increase frequency to every 2 hours
B) Switch to a canine milk replacer supplemented with a lactase-digesting enzyme
C) Immediately transition to softened kibble to promote weight gain
Correct answer: B) Switch to a canine milk replacer supplemented with a lactase-digesting enzyme
You are performing a routine examination on a 4-month-old African pygmy hedgehog. The owner reports that the hedgehog has been less active lately and seems to have lost some weight. Upon examination, you notice mild quill loss and the hedgehog’s teeth appear slightly yellow. The hedgehog’s weight is 15g less than at its last check-up one month ago.
Question 2: Based on this clinical presentation, what is the most critical next step in your diagnostic approach?
A) Perform immediate blood collection from the jugular vein for comprehensive testing
B) Recommend a CT scan to rule out potential internal abnormalities
C) Conduct a thorough oral examination and implement a weight monitoring plan
Correct answer: C) Conduct a thorough oral examination and implement a weight monitoring plan
Case 1:
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought to your clinic with reports of decreased activity and appetite for the past week. On physical examination, the hedgehog appears lethargic but shows no specific symptoms. You decide further diagnostics are necessary.
Question 1: Given the nonspecific presentation and the need for thorough diagnostics, which approach would be most appropriate for this hedgehog?
A) Perform a blood draw from the cephalic vein without sedation
B) Conduct an ultrasound examination to check for bladder pathology
C) Use general anesthesia for a comprehensive exam including radiographs and blood work
Correct answer: C) Use general anesthesia for a comprehensive exam including radiographs and blood work
You are treating a 3-year-old African pygmy hedgehog for suspected pneumonia. The hedgehog is anorexic and needs nutritional support. You decide to administer medication and a high-calorie diet.
Question 2: What is the most appropriate method for administering both medication and nutritional support to this anorexic hedgehog?
A) Use a pharyngostomy tube for both medication and nutrition
B) Inject medication into mealworms and use a plastic teat cannula for nutrition
C) Administer both medication and nutrition orally using a flavored syringe
Correct answer: B) Inject medication into mealworms and use a plastic teat cannula for nutrition
Clinical Case 1: A pet hedgehog owner brings in their 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog, which has been squinting and showing eye redness for the past few days. The owner noticed a small amount of discharge in the morning. No known trauma has occurred.
Expert-level multiple-choice question: Which is the most appropriate initial treatment for this hedgehog, given the symptoms and the owner’s report?
A) Enucleation of the affected eye
B) Topical antibiotics (Tobramycin 0.3% ophthalmic drops, 1 drop 2-3 times daily)
C) Meloxicam 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO once daily
B) Topical antibiotics (Tobramycin 0.3% ophthalmic drops, 1 drop 2-3 times daily) (Correct)
Clinical Case 2: A 1-year-old hedgehog was found in the backyard with an injured eye after a suspected cat attack. The eye is protruding and visibly inflamed, with no vision apparent.
Expert-level multiple-choice question: Which is the most appropriate next step in treating this hedgehog’s ocular injury?
A) Tarsorrhaphy (partial eyelid closure) for the remaining eye and topical antibiotics
B) Enucleation of the affected eye and Meloxicam 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO once daily
C) Artificial tears (Carboxymethylcellulose 1-2 drops every 4-6 hours) and anti-inflammatory drops (Diclofenac 0.1% ophthalmic solution, 1 drop 2 times daily)
B) Enucleation of the affected eye and Meloxicam 0.1-0.2 mg/kg PO once daily (Correct)
Case 1:
A 3-year-old hedgehog is presented with a 2-week history of decreased appetite, halitosis, and pawing at the mouth. On examination, the hedgehog has red, swollen gums and a fractured tooth. Dental radiographs reveal a tooth root abscess.
What is the most appropriate antibiotic to prescribe for this hedgehog?
A) Clindamycin (10-30 mg/kg PO every 12 hours)
B) Doxycycline (5 mg/kg PO every 12-24 hours)
C) Enrofloxacin (5-10 mg/kg PO or SC every 24 hours)
Correct answer: A) Clindamycin (10-30 mg/kg PO every 12 hours)
A 2-year-old hedgehog is presented with a 1-week history of labored breathing, nasal discharge, and lethargy. On examination, the hedgehog has a temperature of 104°F (40°C) and a dusty, unkempt coat. The owner reports that the guinea pig’s cage has not been cleaned in several weeks.
What is the most appropriate treatment for this hedgehog’s respiratory disorder?
A) Nebulization with saline and acetylcysteine (1:10 ratio) twice daily
B) Antibiotic therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20 mg/kg PO every 12 hours)
C) Supportive care with fluid therapy and oxygen therapy only
Correct answer: A) Nebulization with saline and acetylcysteine (1:10 ratio) twice daily
An African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) is presented with a 2-week history of lethargy, decreased appetite, and labored breathing. The owner reports that the hedgehog had been treated with azithromycin and orbifloxacin for suspected pneumonia, which initially improved symptoms. However, the symptoms returned after stopping the antibiotics. A CT scan reveals granulomatous lesions in the lungs. The hedgehog is euthanized, and postmortem analysis confirms granulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia with Mycobacterium haemophilum detected via PCR.
Question:
What is the most likely cause of the granulomatous pneumonia in this African pygmy hedgehog?
A) Crenosoma striatum lungworm infestation
B) Mycobacterium haemophilum infection
C) Aspergillus fumigatus fungal infection
Correct Answer: B) Mycobacterium haemophilum infection
A rescued Southern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor) is presented with chronic coughing, weight loss, and lethargy. Fecal examination reveals the presence of Crenosoma striatum larvae. The hedgehog is treated with a single oral dose of a moxidectin/praziquantel combination. Follow-up fecal checks show complete clearance of the larvae, and the hedgehog gains weight before being released.
Question:
What is the most appropriate treatment for Crenosoma striatum lungworm infestation in Southern white-breasted hedgehogs?
A) Azithromycin and orbifloxacin
B) Moxidectin/praziquantel combination
C) Amphotericin B
Correct Answer: B) Moxidectin/praziquantel combination
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with a history of weight loss, labored breathing, and lethargy. On physical examination, a heart murmur is auscultated, and the hedgehog appears cyanotic. Radiographs reveal an enlarged heart and mild ascites. The owner reports that the hedgehog has been less active over the past few months and has had a decreased appetite.
Question:
What is the most likely diagnosis for this hedgehog based on the clinical signs and radiographic findings?
A) Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
B) Cardiomyopathy
C) Pulmonary embolism
Correct Answer: B) Cardiomyopathy
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought to the clinic with pink urine and fluorescent teeth under UV light. The owner also reports that the hedgehog has been lethargic and has lost weight over the past few weeks. Blood tests reveal anemia, and the hedgehog has a history of recurrent skin lesions that fluoresce under UV light.
Question:
What is the most likely underlying condition causing the pink urine and fluorescent teeth in this hedgehog?
A) Cardiomyopathy
B) Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
C) Saddle thrombus
Correct Answer: B) Congenital erythropoietic porphyria
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is scheduled for a surgical procedure to remove a small mass. The hedgehog has been fasted for 6 hours prior to anesthesia. Preoxygenation is performed, and induction is achieved using isoflurane in a large dog anesthesia mask. During the procedure, the hedgehog is intubated with a 1.5 mm endotracheal tube under endoscopic guidance. The surgical team monitors the hedgehog using Doppler, pulse oximetry, and capnography. Postoperatively, the hedgehog is given buprenorphine for pain management.
Question:
Which of the following is the most appropriate analgesic to provide long-lasting pain relief (36–48 hours) for this hedgehog post-surgery?
A) Meloxicam
B) Buprenorphine
C) Butorphanol
Correct Answer: B) Buprenorphine
A 3-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought in for a dental procedure requiring sedation. The veterinarian decides to use a combination of midazolam and buprenorphine for mild sedation with long-lasting analgesia. The hedgehog is preoxygenated, and induction is achieved using isoflurane. During the procedure, the hedgehog’s vital signs are monitored using non-invasive blood pressure and capnography. Postoperatively, the hedgehog is given meloxicam for inflammation management.
Question:
Which of the following sedation protocols would provide mild sedation with long-lasting analgesia for this hedgehog?
A) Midazolam (1–2 mg/kg, intranasal)
B) Midazolam (0.5–1 mg/kg) + Buprenorphine (0.03–0.05 mg/kg, SC)
C) Ketamine (30 mg/kg) + Midazolam (1 mg/kg, SC)
Correct Answer: B) Midazolam (0.5–1 mg/kg) + Buprenorphine (0.03–0.05 mg/kg, SC)
A 1.5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is scheduled for a minor surgical procedure. The veterinarian opts for a sedation protocol using alfaxalone and midazolam to ensure a smooth recovery. The hedgehog is preoxygenated, and induction is achieved using isoflurane. During the procedure, the hedgehog’s vital signs are monitored using Doppler and electrocardiography. Postoperatively, the hedgehog is given butorphanol for pain management.
Question:
Which of the following sedation protocols is most likely to result in a smooth recovery for this hedgehog?
A) Ketamine (30 mg/kg) + Midazolam (1 mg/kg, SC)
B) Alfaxalone (3 mg/kg) + Midazolam (1 mg/kg, SC)
C) Tiletamine-Zolazepam (10–30 mg/kg, SC)
Correct Answer: B) Alfaxalone (3 mg/kg) + Midazolam (1 mg/kg, SC)
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought in for a surgical procedure requiring heavy sedation. The veterinarian chooses a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam for sedation. The hedgehog is preoxygenated, and induction is achieved using isoflurane. During the procedure, the hedgehog’s vital signs are monitored using pulse oximetry and capnography. Postoperatively, the hedgehog is given meloxicam for pain and inflammation management.
Question:
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of using tiletamine-zolazepam for sedation in this hedgehog?
A) Premature arousal and hyperactive recovery
B) Longer recovery periods
C) Decreased food intake for 2 days
Correct Answer: B) Longer recovery periods
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented for post-surgical pain management following a minor procedure. The veterinarian decides to use subcutaneous methadone for analgesia. The hedgehog is administered methadone at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg SC. The owner reports that the hedgehog has been eating normally and shows no significant changes in activity or body weight. However, the hedgehog exhibits mild, short-lived adverse effects such as lethargy and reduced wheel-running activity shortly after administration.
Question:
What is the most likely reason for the short-lived adverse effects observed in this hedgehog following methadone administration?
A) Methadone causes long-lasting sedation in hedgehogs
B) Methadone has a short half-life and transient adverse effects
C) Methadone is not effective for analgesia in hedgehogs
Correct Answer: B) Methadone has a short half-life and transient adverse effects
A 3-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought in for pain management following a traumatic injury. The veterinarian opts to use subcutaneous buprenorphine at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg SC. The hedgehog shows no signs of sedation, and the owner reports increased locomotor activity after administration. The hedgehog continues to eat normally and maintains a stable body weight over the next 24 hours.
Question:
Which of the following best describes the expected duration of analgesia provided by buprenorphine in this hedgehog?
A) Short-term analgesia lasting 4–6 hours
B) Long-lasting analgesia lasting 24 hours or more
C) No significant analgesic effect
Correct Answer: B) Long-lasting analgesia lasting 24 hours or more
A 1.5-year-old four-toed hedgehog is administered a deep subcutaneous dose of buprenorphine hydrochloride for post-surgical pain management. Blood samples are collected to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The results show a maximum plasma concentration of 1.6 ng/mL, with a time to peak concentration of 4.3 hours and a terminal half-life of 25.3 hours.
Question:
Based on the pharmacokinetic data, what is the most likely explanation for the variability in plasma buprenorphine concentrations observed in this hedgehog?
A) Buprenorphine is rapidly metabolized in hedgehogs
B) Buprenorphine has a very long half-life and marked variability in absorption
C) Buprenorphine is ineffective when administered subcutaneously
Correct Answer: B) Buprenorphine has a very long half-life and marked variability in absorption
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is scheduled for a surgical procedure, and the veterinarian plans to use buprenorphine for post-operative pain management. The hedgehog is administered buprenorphine at a dose of 0.03 mg/kg SC. The owner reports that the hedgehog shows no signs of sedation but has increased locomotor activity after administration. The hedgehog continues to eat normally and maintains a stable body weight.
Question:
Which of the following is a potential advantage of using buprenorphine over methadone for pain management in this hedgehog?
A) Buprenorphine provides short-term analgesia with frequent dosing
B) Buprenorphine causes significant sedation and reduced activity
C) Buprenorphine provides long-lasting analgesia without sedation
Correct Answer: C) Buprenorphine provides long-lasting analgesia without sedation
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented for routine nail trimming. The owner reports that the hedgehog is difficult to handle due to its strong curling reflex. The veterinarian decides to use subcutaneous sedation. Based on recent studies, alfaxalone-midazolam (AM) and ketamine-midazolam (KM) are considered. The veterinarian prefers AM for its more predictable sedation.
Question:
Which of the following is an advantage of using alfaxalone-midazolam (AM) over ketamine-midazolam (KM) in hedgehog sedation?
A) AM results in a faster loss of righting reflex than KM
B) AM has a shorter recovery time compared to KM
C) AM causes a greater decrease in food intake post-sedation than KM
B) AM has a shorter recovery time compared to KM
A 3-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented for a general wellness check. The owner is concerned about lethargy and difficulty rolling up. On examination, the hedgehog has large axillary fat deposits, a protruding abdomen, and reduced mobility. The veterinarian recommends a weight-loss program including dietary changes and increased exercise.
Question:
Which of the following is the most appropriate weight loss target for an obese hedgehog to prevent hepatic lipidosis?
A) 5–7% body weight loss per week
B) 1–2% body weight loss per week
C) 10% body weight loss per week
B) 1–2% body weight loss per week ✅
A 1.5-year-old hedgehog presents with weakness and intermittent muscle tremors. The diet consists primarily of mealworms and crickets without additional supplementation. Radiographs reveal decreased bone density. Bloodwork shows hypocalcemia. The veterinarian diagnoses calcium deficiency and prescribes supplementation.
Question:
Which treatment is recommended for calcium deficiency in African pygmy hedgehogs?
A) Calcium carbonate or calcium gluconate at 50 mg/kg orally every 24 hours
B) Vitamin E supplementation at 5–10 mg/kg orally every 24 hours
C) High-protein diet with no additional calcium supplementation
A) Calcium carbonate or calcium gluconate at 50 mg/kg orally every 24 hours ✅
A hedgehog is brought in with dull, flaky skin and mild eye discharge. The owner feeds an insect-based diet with no additional vitamins. Bloodwork confirms a vitamin A deficiency. The veterinarian prescribes oral supplementation.
Question:
What is the recommended dosage for vitamin A supplementation in hedgehogs with deficiency?
A) 50 IU/kg orally three times a week
B) 100 IU/kg daily
C) 25 IU/kg weekly
A) 50 IU/kg orally three times a week ✅
A 1-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with intermittent diarrhea and weight loss. The owner reports that the hedgehog is otherwise active. Fecal flotation is unremarkable, but a PCR test confirms Cryptosporidium erinacei. Supportive care and anti-protozoal treatment are initiated.
Question:
Which of the following is a recommended treatment for cryptosporidiosis in African pygmy hedgehogs?
A) Enrofloxacin 5–10 mg/kg orally every 12 hours
B) Paromomycin 30 mg/kg orally every 12 hours
C) Meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg PO q24h
B) Paromomycin 30 mg/kg orally every 12 hours ✅
A 2.5-year-old hedgehog is brought in for lethargy and anorexia. The owner recently changed its diet to include more fresh fruits and commercial dog food. On examination, the hedgehog is weak and dehydrated. Fecal culture reveals the presence of Salmonella spp. The veterinarian initiates antibiotic therapy.
Question:
Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for confirming enteritis caused by Salmonella spp. in hedgehogs?
A) Fecal flotation
B) Fecal culture using Salmonella-enriching medium
C) PCR test for Cryptosporidium
B) Fecal culture using Salmonella-enriching medium ✅
A rescued Western European hedgehog is admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center with lethargy, inappetence, and bloody feces. Despite supportive care, the hedgehog deteriorates and dies within two days. Necropsy reveals an 8 cm-long intestinal intussusception in the jejunum, gastric ulcers, and a full urinary bladder.
Question:
Which of the following best describes the significance of this case report in the context of hedgehog medicine?
A) It establishes intestinal intussusception as the most common cause of gastrointestinal disease in wild hedgehogs.
B) It highlights the importance of routine postmortem examinations in identifying novel pathological conditions in wildlife species.
C) It demonstrates that gastric ulceration is a primary cause of mortality in rehabilitated hedgehogs.
B) It highlights the importance of routine postmortem examinations in identifying novel pathological conditions in wildlife species. ✅
A 2-year-old captive African pygmy hedgehog presents with icterus, lethargy, and reduced appetite. Bloodwork shows elevated ALT, AST, and ALP. Abdominal ultrasound reveals hepatomegaly. The hedgehog is diagnosed with hepatic lipidosis and supportive care is initiated, including nutritional support and hepatoprotective agents.
Question:
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for hepatic lipidosis in African pygmy hedgehogs?
A) Metronidazole 10 mg/kg PO q12h
B) S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) 20 mg/kg PO q24h
C) Prednisone 0.5–1 mg/kg PO q24h
B) S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) 20 mg/kg PO q24h ✅
A hedgehog is presented with progressive abdominal distension and lethargy. Diagnostic imaging confirms the presence of chylous ascites. Fluid analysis of the abdominal effusion reveals a milky appearance. Given the suspected underlying etiology, a combination of medical and dietary management is recommended.
Question:
Which of the following dietary recommendations is most appropriate for a hedgehog diagnosed with chylous ascites?
A) High-carbohydrate, high-fat diet
B) High-protein, low-fat diet
C) Raw meat-based diet with calcium supplementation
B) High-protein, low-fat diet ✅
A hedgehog is presented with acute diarrhea after being fed a commercial diet supplemented with milk. Fecal testing rules out bacterial and parasitic infections. The veterinarian prescribes a combination of dietary modifications, probiotics, and fluid therapy.
Question:
Which of the following is the most appropriate initial dietary recommendation for managing acute diarrhea in hedgehogs?
A) Continue the hedgehog’s usual diet but add vitamin C supplementation
B) Eliminate milk and commercial pellets, replacing them with a bland diet of boiled chicken and rice for 48 hours
C) Introduce high-fiber fruits and vegetables to increase gut motility
B) Eliminate milk and commercial pellets, replacing them with a bland diet of boiled chicken and rice for 48 hours ✅
Case 1: Urinary Disorders
A hedgehog presents with hematuria, stranguria, and increased drinking behavior. A urinalysis confirms the presence of hematuria and bacteriuria. Diagnostic imaging reveals multiple radiopaque stones in the bladder.
Question:
Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for urolithiasis in hedgehogs?
A) Antibiotics alone for infection control
B) Dietary modification and fluid therapy
C) Cystotomy for stone removal
C) Cystotomy for stone removal ✅
A 3-year-old female hedgehog is presented with persistent hemorrhagic vulvar discharge and weight loss. Ultrasound reveals an enlarged, irregularly shaped uterus with multiple masses. A diagnosis of uterine neoplasia is made.
Question:
What is the preferred treatment for uterine neoplasia in hedgehogs?
A) Ovariohysterectomy
B) Chemotherapy
C) Palliative care with antibiotics and pain management
A) Ovariohysterectomy ✅
A hedgehog is brought in after being found with its limb entrapped in a wire cage. Radiographs confirm a mid-diaphyseal tibial fracture. Due to the hedgehog’s strong rolling-up reflex, the veterinarian decides on surgical correction instead of splinting.
Question:
What is the primary consideration when performing surgical fixation in hedgehogs?
A) Ensuring the fixation device can withstand the rolling-up mechanism
B) Avoiding anesthesia due to hedgehogs’ sensitivity
C) Using external coaptation as the primary treatment method
A) Ensuring the fixation device can withstand the rolling-up mechanism ✅
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with progressive ataxia and hind limb paresis. The owner reports no recent trauma or exposure to toxins. Radiographs reveal mild intervertebral disk space narrowing in the lumbar region. A complete neurologic examination shows proprioceptive deficits but no signs of pain upon spinal palpation. The hedgehog has been housed in a stable environment with appropriate temperature and diet.
Question 1:
What is the most likely diagnosis in this hedgehog?
A) Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)
B) Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS)
C) Thoracolumbar transitional vertebra anomaly
Correct Answer: A) Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)
A 3.5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought in for evaluation of wobbling and difficulty ambulating. The owner has observed a gradual decline over the past three months, progressing from mild stumbling to significant hind limb weakness. Radiographs are unremarkable, with no evidence of vertebral anomalies or intervertebral disk disease. A neurological examination reveals muscle atrophy, proprioceptive deficits, and absent withdrawal reflexes in the hind limbs.
Question 2:
What is the most appropriate next step for confirming the suspected diagnosis?
A) Postmortem histopathologic examination
B) Spinal MRI to assess for compressive lesions
C) Empirical treatment with corticosteroids and physical therapy
Correct Answer: A) Postmortem histopathologic examination
1.5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with crusting around the quills, excessive scratching, and quill loss. The owner reports increased irritability and decreased appetite over the past two weeks. A skin scraping reveals the presence of Caparinia tripilis. The hedgehog is otherwise in good health, with normal neurological function and no signs of hearing loss.
Question 1:
What is the most appropriate treatment for this hedgehog?
A) Ivermectin 0.3–0.4 mg/kg SC/orally every 10–14 days for 3–5 treatments
B) Enilconazole topical spray applied daily for 4 weeks
C) Terbinafine orally at 10 mg/kg for 6 weeks
Correct Answer: A) Ivermectin 0.3–0.4 mg/kg SC/orally every 10–14 days for 3–5 treatments
Explanation: The clinical signs and skin scraping results confirm acariasis caused by Caparinia tripilis. Ivermectin is the treatment of choice for mite infestations. Enilconazole and terbinafine are antifungals used for dermatophytosis, which is not the primary issue in this case.
A 3-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is brought in due to suspected hearing loss. The owner reports that the hedgehog no longer responds to loud noises and does not react to its name being called. Physical examination is unremarkable, with no signs of otitis externa or pinnal dermatitis. The hedgehog is scheduled for a brainstem auditory-evoked response (BAER) test under general anesthesia.
Question 2:
Which BAER finding would be most indicative of normal auditory function in this hedgehog?
A) Three distinct waves (I, II-III, V) detected at 90 dB nHL
B) Absence of wave I, with only wave V present
C) Presence of wave IV with delayed latency
Correct Answer: A) Three distinct waves (I, II-III, V) detected at 90 dB nHL
Explanation: In healthy African pygmy hedgehogs, BAER consistently detects three waves (I, II-III, and V) at 90 dB nHL. The absence of wave I or only detecting wave V suggests significant hearing impairment, while wave IV is absent in normal hedgehogs.
A 1.8-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with widespread quill loss, severe pruritus, and self-inflicted wounds around the dorsum and face. The owner reports progressive symptoms over the past month. Microscopic examination of skin scrapings reveals oval, white-yellow motile structures around the base of the quills and pinnae. The hedgehog has been housed in a wooden enclosure with shredded paper bedding.
Question 1:
Which of the following treatment protocols is most appropriate in this case?
A) Ivermectin 0.2–0.4 mg/kg SC/PO every 10–14 days for 3–5 treatments, combined with environmental decontamination
B) Terbinafine 100 mg/kg PO q12h for 6 weeks and topical miconazole
C) Enilconazole topical treatment combined with terbinafine for a minimum of 8 weeks
Correct Answer: A) Ivermectin 0.2–0.4 mg/kg SC/PO every 10–14 days for 3–5 treatments, combined with environmental decontamination
Explanation: The clinical signs and microscopic findings confirm Caparinia tripilis infestation. Ivermectin or selamectin is the standard treatment, along with environmental control. Terbinafine and enilconazole are antifungals, which are indicated for dermatophytosis, not mite infestation.
A 2.5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with progressive alopecia localized to the face and ears. The lesions are non-pruritic, with scaling and crusting noted around the affected areas. The owner reports no significant scratching or signs of discomfort. A dermatophyte test medium (DTM) culture is performed, yielding a positive result for Trichophyton erinacei.
Question 2:
What is the most appropriate next step in managing this hedgehog’s condition?
A) Initiate systemic antifungal therapy with terbinafine 100 mg/kg PO q12h and continue until two consecutive negative fungal cultures (4 weeks apart)
B) Start topical corticosteroid therapy to reduce inflammation and scaling
C) Prescribe a single dose of fluralaner to eliminate possible underlying mite infestation
Correct Answer: A) Initiate systemic antifungal therapy with terbinafine 100 mg/kg PO q12h and continue until two consecutive negative fungal cultures (4 weeks apart)
Explanation: The clinical presentation and positive DTM culture confirm Trichophyton erinacei dermatophytosis. Systemic antifungals such as terbinafine or itraconazole are required for effective treatment. Corticosteroids are contraindicated due to potential immunosuppression, and fluralaner is an acaricide, not an antifungal
A 2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with excessive ear scratching and a thick, dark waxy discharge in both ears. The owner reports that the hedgehog has been more irritable than usual and occasionally shakes its head. Otic cytology reveals the presence of numerous oval, motile mites. There are no signs of systemic illness, and the hedgehog remains active and alert.
Question 1:
Which of the following pathogens is the most likely cause of this condition?
A) Otodectes cynotis
B) Trichophyton erinacei
C) Mycobacterium spp.
Correct Answer: A) Otodectes cynotis
Explanation: The presence of pruritus, waxy debris, and motile mites on otic cytology suggests an infestation with Otodectes cynotis, a common cause of otitis externa in hedgehogs. Trichophyton erinacei is a fungal pathogen associated with dermatophytosis, not otitis, and Mycobacterium spp. is linked to granulomatous bacterial skin infections rather than ear disease.
A 3-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with ulcerative skin lesions on the ventrum and hind limbs. The lesions have purulent discharge and are progressively worsening. Cytology reveals large numbers of neutrophils and Gram-positive cocci. A bacterial culture is performed, and Streptococcus spp. is isolated. The owner declines additional imaging or biopsy.
Question 2:
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this condition?
A) Initiate systemic antibiotic therapy based on culture results and reassess response to treatment
B) Perform a full-thickness skin biopsy to confirm a diagnosis of mycobacterial infection
C) Start antifungal therapy with terbinafine and monitor for improvement
Correct Answer: A) Initiate systemic antibiotic therapy based on culture results and reassess response to treatment
Explanation: The presence of purulent ulcerative skin lesions, neutrophilic inflammation, and Streptococcus spp. isolation suggests bacterial pyoderma, which requires systemic antibiotic therapy. A biopsy would be warranted for suspected mycobacterial infections, but there is no evidence supporting that in this case. Antifungal therapy is inappropriate as fungal elements were not identified.
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with progressive weight loss, lethargy, and a firm, irregular mass in the mammary region. Fine needle aspiration suggests a malignant neoplastic process. Thoracic radiographs show no evidence of pulmonary metastasis.
Question 3:
Which of the following is the best initial treatment option?
A) Surgical removal of the affected mammary gland
B) Chemotherapy with vincristine IV once weekly for 4–6 weeks
C) Radiation therapy targeting the affected area
Correct Answer: A) Surgical removal of the affected mammary gland
Explanation: Mammary tumors in hedgehogs are frequently malignant, but surgery remains the first-line treatment if there is no evidence of metastasis. Chemotherapy is typically reserved for systemic neoplasms such as lymphoma, and radiation therapy is rarely the primary intervention for mammary tumors.
A 3.5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is evaluated for difficulty chewing, excessive drooling, and gingival swelling. Oral examination reveals loose teeth and an irregular proliferative mass on the mandible. A biopsy is performed, confirming oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Question 4:
Which of the following is the most appropriate course of action?
A) Partial resection of the affected jaw to remove the tumor
B) Administer antifungal therapy to rule out fungal osteomyelitis
C) Begin a corticosteroid regimen to reduce inflammation
Correct Answer: A) Partial resection of the affected jaw to remove the tumor
Explanation: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common and aggressive tumor in hedgehogs. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice if feasible. Antifungal therapy is inappropriate in the absence of evidence for fungal involvement, and corticosteroids may worsen immunosuppression rather than treating the primary neoplastic process.
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with progressive hind limb weakness and mild ataxia. The owner reports that symptoms have gradually worsened over the past three months, starting with difficulty climbing and occasional stumbling. Neurological examination reveals proprioceptive deficits but no pain response on spinal palpation. Bloodwork is unremarkable. Imaging is declined by the owner, and the hedgehog is euthanized due to deteriorating quality of life. A postmortem histopathological examination confirms demyelination and neuronal degeneration in the brain and spinal cord.
Question 1:
Based on the clinical presentation and postmortem findings, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A) Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS)
B) Intervertebral Disk Disease (IVDD)
C) Mycobacterium haemophilum encephalopathy
Correct Answer: A) Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS)
Explanation: The progressive, non-painful neurological decline and histopathological findings of demyelination and neuronal degeneration are characteristic of WHS. IVDD typically presents with spinal pain and can be diagnosed radiographically. Mycobacterium haemophilum has been reported in hedgehog pneumonia, but no evidence links it to primary CNS disease.
A 3.8-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with lethargy, reduced appetite, and labored breathing. The owner has noticed an increased respiratory effort over the past week. On physical examination, the hedgehog exhibits tachypnea, mild cyanosis, and crackles on pulmonary auscultation. A CT scan reveals multifocal lung nodules. PCR and DNA sequencing identify Mycobacterium haemophilum. The hedgehog is started on azithromycin and orbifloxacin but deteriorates after treatment discontinuation.
Question 2:
What is the prognosis for this hedgehog?
A) Poor, with likely progression despite treatment
B) Good, if antibiotic therapy is continued for 6–8 weeks
C) Guarded, with possible recovery through antifungal therapy
Correct Answer: A) Poor, with likely progression despite treatment
Explanation: Mycobacterium haemophilum pneumonia is rare in hedgehogs and carries a poor prognosis. While antibiotics may provide temporary improvement, disease progression typically leads to euthanasia. Antifungal therapy is irrelevant in this case, as the pathogen is bacterial.
A 5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented for a routine check-up. The owner reports no clinical concerns but notes that the hedgehog has slowed down slightly. On examination, a firm, irregular subcutaneous mass is palpated near the axillary region. Fine needle aspiration suggests a neoplastic process, and the owner opts for surgical excision. Histopathology confirms a sebaceous gland carcinoma.
Question 3:
Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
A) Monitor for local recurrence and metastatic spread through regular follow-ups
B) Start chemotherapy with vincristine IV once weekly for 4–6 weeks
C) Initiate radiation therapy to reduce tumor burden
Correct Answer: A) Monitor for local recurrence and metastatic spread through regular follow-ups
Explanation: Sebaceous gland carcinomas in hedgehogs are locally invasive but have a low metastatic potential. Surgical excision is often curative, but follow-ups are essential to detect recurrence. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are not typically indicated unless metastasis is suspected.
A 6-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with decreased mobility, weight loss, and difficulty eating. Oral examination reveals a large, ulcerated mass along the lower jaw with associated gingival swelling and loose teeth. Radiographs show extensive mandibular bone involvement.
Question 4:
Which of the following statements best describes the prognosis and treatment options for this hedgehog?
A) Poor prognosis, with surgical resection being palliative rather than curative
B) Good prognosis, as oral squamous cell carcinoma responds well to chemotherapy
C) Guarded prognosis, with antifungal therapy potentially reducing tumor progression
Correct Answer: A) Poor prognosis, with surgical resection being palliative rather than curative
Explanation: Oral squamous cell carcinoma is aggressive in hedgehogs, often involving local bone destruction. While surgical excision may provide temporary relief, the prognosis is poor, especially in advanced cases. Chemotherapy and antifungal therapy are ineffective against this malignancy.
A 4-year-old female African pygmy hedgehog presents with intermittent vaginal bleeding, lethargy, and decreased appetite over the past two weeks. On clinical examination, mild abdominal distension is noted. Radiography and ultrasonography reveal an enlarged uterus containing fluid-filled cystic structures suggestive of reproductive pathology. Bloodwork shows mild anemia but normal renal parameters.
Question 1:
Considering the clinical and imaging findings, what is the most appropriate therapeutic recommendation and associated prognosis for this hedgehog?
A) Initiate corticosteroid therapy; prognosis is guarded due to endocrine disorder.
B) Begin palliative care; prognosis is terminal due to advanced neoplasia.
C) Perform ovariohysterectomy; prognosis is good with early intervention.
Correct Answer: C) Initiate surgical intervention with ovariohysterectomy as prognosis is good with early treatment.
Explanation: The imaging findings and clinical signs indicate reproductive disease (likely uterine polyps or masses). Early surgical intervention typically yields a good prognosis. Medical management alone or delayed intervention worsens prognosis.
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with progressive lethargy, decreased appetite, and recent episodes of urinary incontinence. The owner describes frequent urination with reduced volume. Laboratory results show significantly elevated creatinine and urea levels. Ultrasound reveals bilateral renal enlargement with loss of normal corticomedullary differentiation.
Question 2:
Based on these findings, what is the most likely prognosis and management strategy for this hedgehog?
A) Poor prognosis; provide supportive and palliative fluid therapy.
B) Fair prognosis; surgical nephrectomy of the affected kidneys.
C) Guarded prognosis; initiate chemotherapy with vincristine.
Correct Answer: A) Poor prognosis; provide supportive and palliative fluid therapy.
Explanation: Bilateral renal enlargement with significant loss of corticomedullary differentiation strongly indicates chronic renal failure, which has a terminal prognosis. Supportive care is appropriate, whereas chemotherapy or surgical interventions would not alter the outcome.
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with significant weight loss, incoordination, generalized weakness, and mild alopecia without pruritus. Routine laboratory tests and external parasite checks are unremarkable. Imaging does not reveal tumors or organ enlargement. Despite supportive care, the hedgehog continues to deteriorate and is eventually euthanized. Necropsy reveals adrenal gland enlargement with adrenal cortical hyperplasia.
Question 3:
Which statement best describes the prevalence and clinical relevance of this hedgehog’s condition?
A) Endocrine disorders are rare and typically diagnosed postmortem, making clinical diagnosis challenging.
B) Endocrine disorders are common and easily manageable with hormone supplementation.
C) Endocrine disorders occur frequently and present with obvious, specific clinical signs allowing early intervention.
Correct Answer: A) Endocrine disorders are rare and typically diagnosed postmortem, making clinical diagnosis challenging.
Explanation: Endocrine diseases in African pygmy hedgehogs are uncommon and usually detected only upon postmortem examination, explaining the difficulty in clinical recognition and treatment.
A 3.5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with difficulty eating, significant drooling, and loose teeth. Examination of the oral cavity shows a proliferative mass involving the gingiva and mandibular region. Fine needle aspiration suggests malignancy consistent with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Thoracic radiographs indicate multiple small pulmonary nodules suggestive of metastasis.
Question 4:
Given the findings, what is the prognosis and best management option?
A) Poor prognosis; initiate palliative care and analgesics.
B) Good prognosis with aggressive surgical resection of the jaw mass.
C) Guarded prognosis; chemotherapy alone can effectively reduce tumor size.
Correct Answer: A) Poor prognosis; initiate palliative care and analgesics.
Explanation: Oral squamous cell carcinoma in hedgehogs has a poor prognosis, particularly with metastasis. Surgical resection is rarely curative once metastatic disease is present, and chemotherapy alone is generally ineffective. Therefore, palliative care is the most appropriate approach.
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is presented with unilateral exophthalmos and mild ocular discharge. The owner noticed the hedgehog’s left eye progressively bulging over the past month, but there is no history of trauma. Ophthalmic examination reveals significant protrusion of the globe, mild conjunctival redness, and inability to retract the eye fully. Radiographs show a soft tissue mass behind the affected globe.
Question 1:
Which diagnostic test would be most definitive to establish the underlying cause of the ocular proptosis in this hedgehog?
A) Cytology of conjunctival discharge
B) Fine needle aspiration or biopsy of the retrobulbar mass
C) Tracheal wash cytology and bacterial culture
Correct Answer: B) Fine needle aspiration or biopsy of the mass behind the globe
Explanation: The slowly progressive unilateral proptosis in geriatric hedgehogs strongly suggests retrobulbar neoplasia, requiring histopathological confirmation. Cytology or biopsy will differentiate neoplastic causes from other etiologies, such as abscess or granuloma.
A 5-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with chronic lethargy, severe exercise intolerance, and respiratory distress. The owner reports frequent open-mouth breathing episodes over the last two weeks. Physical examination reveals a heart murmur and mild cyanosis. Thoracic radiographs demonstrate cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema.
Question 2:
What combination of clinical findings and diagnostic results most strongly supports the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF)?
A) Mild cyanosis, lethargy, and respiratory distress, with radiographic cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema
B) Oral lesions, drooling, and difficulty eating, with histopathological evidence of squamous cell carcinoma
C) Unilateral exophthalmos, ocular discharge, and absence of heart murmur
Correct Answer: A) Mild cyanosis, lethargy, cardiomegaly, and pulmonary edema
Explanation: CHF is indicated by clinical signs of poor perfusion (cyanosis, lethargy), respiratory distress, and imaging findings of cardiomegaly with pulmonary edema. Oral lesions or dermatologic issues would not cause CHF.
A 3.2-year-old African pygmy hedgehog presents with chronic nasal discharge, sneezing, and intermittent difficulty breathing. Symptoms worsened over the past 10 days. Radiography indicates increased opacity in nasal passages and lungs. Nasal cytology reveals numerous neutrophils and bacterial rods.
Question 3:
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding prognosis and potential complications of this hedgehog’s condition?
A) Prognosis is guarded; systemic antibiotics alone rarely resolve bacterial pneumonia in hedgehogs. B) Prognosis is poor; respiratory infections in hedgehogs invariably progress to fatal systemic sepsis. C) Prognosis is good if systemic antibiotics and supportive nebulization therapy are initiated early; complications include chronic pneumonia if untreated.
Correct Answer: C) Prognosis is good if systemic antibiotics and nebulization therapy are initiated early; untreated cases risk severe complications like sepsis or chronic pneumonia.
Explanation: With prompt treatment, hedgehogs respond well to antibiotics and supportive care. Delayed or incomplete treatment may lead to severe complications, including chronic respiratory disease or systemic infections.
A 4-year-old African pygmy hedgehog is evaluated for progressive difficulty eating and excessive salivation. Examination reveals a proliferative gingival mass causing dental displacement and mandibular bone erosion. Biopsy confirms oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Question 4:
Which of the following is the most likely prognosis and explanation for this hedgehog?
A) Guarded prognosis; chemotherapy can significantly reduce tumor size and improve survival time. B) Good prognosis; surgical removal of oral masses in hedgehogs usually results in complete resolution. C) Poor prognosis; oral squamous cell carcinoma is aggressive, locally invasive, and carries a high risk of recurrence.
Correct Answer: C) Poor prognosis; oral squamous cell carcinoma in hedgehogs is aggressive and frequently recurs despite surgical management.
Explanation: Oral squamous cell carcinoma in hedgehogs is highly invasive with poor prognosis due to aggressive local invasion, high recurrence rates, and limited treatment success.
