Heck - High Yield for Exam One

Question 1

Know the different types of hormones in each of the classes…

Answer 1

“H” at the end = generally will be protein or peptide hormones

Question 2

Constitutive vs. Regulated production of hormones

Answer 2

Constitutive synthesis: generally involves extracellular matrix and plasma membrane components (“constantly”)

Regulated synthesis: generally for hormones and enzymes; regulated most often at the level of transcription or exocytosis (“cytoplasmic pool”)

Question 3

Quote about steroid hormones…

Answer 3

“There are no intracellular stores of steroid hormones, they are produced on an as needed basis, and they are needed every second of every day”…histologically we will see an abundance of SER

Question 4

What are the two tissues important in steroid hormone production?

Answer 4

Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone, androgens) and the gonads (estrogen/progesterone from ovaries, testosterone from testes)

Question 5

All amine hormones are synthesized from what molecule and how are they categorized?

Answer 5

Tyrosine; catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Question 6

Thyroid hormones act like…

Answer 6

Steroid hormones, even though they are based on tyrosine

Question 7

Where is EPI and NE synthesized and stored?

Answer 7

In chromaffin granules of cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 8

Ligand-gated ion channels response time?

Answer 8

Milliseconds

Question 9

G-protein coupled receptors response time?

Answer 9

Seconds

Question 10

Kinase-linked hormone receptors response time?

Answer 10

Seconds, hours, or days

Question 11

Hormone response time for nuclear receptors?

Answer 11

Hours to days

Question 12

If there is auto-phosphorylation taking place after activation we are thinking….

Answer 12

Tyrosine-kinase receptor activation

Question 13

Alpha cells (details listed, know them)

Answer 13

15-20% of islet
Located at the periphery
Glucagon secreting

Question 14

Beta cells (details)

Answer 14

70%
Exist in core of islet
Insulin secreting

Question 15

Delta cells (details)

Answer 15

5-10%
Located at the periphery
Somatostatin secreting

Question 16

Basophil cells won’t have this intracellular structure stained as darkly as acidophils would…

Answer 16

The nucleus

Question 17

Acidophil cells are considered to be…

Answer 17

constitutively active and producing hormones

Question 18

The pars intermedia stains….

Answer 18

“intensely blue”…lots of basophils present

Question 19

Corpora arenacea?

Answer 19

“Brain sand”…“crystalline secretions from the pinealocytes”

Calcium phosphate crystal deposits secreted by pinealocytes
Has no known effect on function

Becomes evident in 20s and is important as a radiography biomarker for midline of brain

Question 20

Be able to identify…

Answer 20

The different cellular zones of the cortex….

Question 21

Anterior pituitary adenomas

Answer 21

Sx: possible to have visual changes and somatic growth changes (weight gain, skin changes, etc due to increased GH)

Clinically-functioning adenomas = endocrine syndrome present

Question 22

What is a somatotrope?

Answer 22

It is a GH secreting cell (type: acidophil)

Question 23

What are chromophobes?

Answer 23

xx

Question 24

What are oxyphil cells?

Answer 24

Parathyroid cells with an unknown function

Question 25

Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism with thyrotoxicosis) will cause the thyroid to have what?

Answer 25

Hyperplasia of the follicular epithelium

Question 26

G-alpha-s (protein hormone response)

Answer 26

Acitvates adenylyl cyclase

Second messenger is cAMP

Question 27

G-alpha-i (protein hormone response)

Answer 27

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

Reduces cAMP second messenger

Question 28

G-alpha-q (protein hormone response)

Answer 28

Activates phospholipase C

Second messengers are IP3, DAG, Ca2+

Question 29

Guanylyl cyclase (protein hormones)

Answer 29

Second messenger is cGMP

Question 30

What are two other mechanisms by which protein hormones induce a cellular response?

Answer 30

• Signaling cascades such as kinase linked receptors (second messengers are phosphoproteins)
• Or hyper polarization / depolarization (ligand-gated ion channels)

Question 31

G-alpha-s (amine hormone response)

Answer 31

Acitvates adenylyl cyclase
Second messenger is cAMP
Epinephrine
DA-1

Question 32

G-alpha-i (amine hormone response)

Answer 32

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase
Reduces cAMP second messenger
Norepinephrine
DA-2

Question 33

G-alpha-q (amine hormone response)

Answer 33

Activates phospholipase C
Second messengers are IP3, DAG, Ca2+
Norepinephrine

Question 34

Consequences of mutations in 5’ UTRs:

Answer 34

Remove inhibitory proteins

Increase transcription or translation

Silence or depress expression of the gene

Question 35

Consequences of mutations in hormone gene sequences:

Answer 35

Could result in:
Incorrect trafficking

Incorrect folding (degradation or inactivation)

Question 36

Consequences of mutations in receptor gene sequence:

Answer 36

Could result in:
Incorrect trafficking

Incorrect recycling

Incorrect DNA interaction

Constitutive activation or inactivation

Question 37

Consequences of mutations in signaling protein gene sequence:

Answer 37

Results same as receptor

Question 38

Consequences of mutations in HRE:

Answer 38

Could result in activation by the wrong receptor/ transcription factor

Question 39

Mutations in steroid hormone receptors (i.e.):

Answer 39

Steroid receptors DNA-binding domains are strikingly similar to one another.

Mutations in this region can greatly alter hormone function

Example:
Substitution of 2 aa in the glucocorticoid receptor results in its binding to the estrogen HRE.

Result: Glucocorticoids have an estrogen-like effect (“activating” mutation)

Question 40

Mutation of ligand binding domain (consequences):

Answer 40

Steroid hormone will not bind in the cytoplasm to this and would not go thru conformational change

Question 41

Mutation in nuclear localization signal (NLS):

Answer 41

Steroid will not translocate into the nucleus

Question 42

Mutation of/in DNA binding domain?

Answer 42

HRE will not bind and thus the steroid will not induce transcription