Heck-eyes

Question 1

How many compartments are in the eye

Answer 1

anterior and posterior

separated by lens, suspensory ligaments and ciliary body

Question 2

What is in the anterior compartment of the eye

Answer 2

aqueous humor

Question 3

what is in the posterior compartment of the eye

Answer 3

vitreous humor

Question 4

What are the 3 layers of the eye

Answer 4

corneo-scleral (fibrous tunic)
uveal (vascular tunic)
retinal (neural tunic)

Question 5

What is the uveal layer of eye

Answer 5

makes up the choiroid and posterior wall of eye

Question 6

What are the layers of the retinal tunic

Answer 6

pigmented and the nervosa layer

Question 7

What are the accessory structures of the eye

Answer 7

conjunctiva
lacrimal gland
eyelid

Question 8

What composes the sclera part cornea-scleral layer

Answer 8

sclera composed of collagen and elastin

mainly avascular

Question 9

what composes the cornea part of cornea-scleral layer

Answer 9

transparent in anterior of eye

avascular but highly innervated

Question 10

What are the 5 layers of the cornea

Answer 10

outer epithelium
bowmans membrane
substantia propria
descemets membrane
corneal endothelium

Question 11

if someone scratches their eye and it hurts super bad what area is most likely injured

Answer 11

cornea

Question 12

describe outer epithelium of cornea

Answer 12

nonkeratinized squamous

Question 13

what is the role of the bowmans membrane

Answer 13

thin basal lamina, non cellular and is a place of attachment

Question 14

what makes up the substantia propria

Answer 14

dense collagenous tissue with sparse keratinocytes

Question 15

What is critical about the arrangement of the substantia propria

Answer 15

arranged so that light can pass through

Question 16

what is the role of the descemets membrane

Answer 16

thick basal lamina

attachment for cornea endothelial cells

Question 17

what is the role of the corneal endothelium

Answer 17

active transport of fluid out of SP and allows diffusion of metabolites from aqueous humor

Question 18

Describe myelination of nerves through bowmans layer

Answer 18

myleinated nn in stroma become unmyelinated and extend toward surface of intercellular spaces of the corneal epithelium

Question 19

What are of the eye makes the refractive error

Answer 19

the cornea

Question 20

what is myopia

Answer 20

nearsightedness
light rays are focused in front of retina
cornea too curved, lens too powerful

Question 21

what is hyperopia

Answer 21

farsightedness
focused behind retina
lens&cornea too weak for length of globe

Question 22

What does LASIK stand for

Answer 22

laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis

Question 23

why does lasik not have sutures involved

Answer 23

flap is open to dehydration pump of corneal endothelium

Question 24

What happens to dead corneal epithelium

Answer 24

cells are replaced by mitotic cells found in periphery

Question 25

What is the choiroid of eye

Answer 25

posterior pigmented portion of vascular layer | composed of loose CT, fibroblasts and melanocytes

Question 26

What is bruch's membrane

Answer 26

separation from choroid and retina

Question 27

Drusen accumulates beween what area of eye? what pathology is this

Answer 27

photoreceptor layer and the bruchs membrane | age related macular degeneration

Question 28

Why is the choroid stroma highly pigmented

Answer 28

many melanocytes that absorb light

Question 29

What is the ciliary body

Answer 29

forward continuation of the uveal (vascular) layer

Question 30

where is the ciliary body and what is it composed of

Answer 30

between iris and vitreous body | loose CT, pigmented epithelium, nonpigmented, smooth m, zonule fibers

Question 31

What are the functions of the ciliary body

Answer 31

accomodation | ciliary m

Question 32

describe how the ciliary m works

Answer 32

opens canal of schlemm stretch the ciliary body and alter the shape of the lens via suspensory ligaments

Question 33

as the ciliary mm contract how does the lens change

Answer 33

releases tension on suspensory ligaments so gets more convex

Question 34

what are the ciliary processes

Answer 34

on medial surface radiatinf from core, epithelial folds that make continuous aqueous humor which drains through the trabecular meshwork into canal of schlemm into spisceral vv

Question 35

describe flow of aqueous humor

Answer 35

enter posterior chamber pass thru papillary aperture between iris and lens and enters the anterior chamber

Question 36

What is the corneal-irideal angle

Answer 36

area between endothelial cells and anterior surface of iris

Question 37

Damage to the corneal irideal angle can result in what

Answer 37

glaucoma

Question 38

Glaucoma refers to diseases characterized by what

Answer 38

optic neuropathy resulting in loss of vision because of retinal ganglion cell death

Question 39

What is the most common form of glaucoma

Answer 39

open-angle presents with increased intraocular P slow neurodegenerative process with characteristic optic nerve cupping

Question 40

What is the Tx for open-angle glaucoma

Answer 40

PGs, beta blockers, alpha adrenergic agonists, trabeculectomy or trabeculoplasty

Question 41

What causes closed angle glaucoma

Answer 41

corneal irideal angle is obstructed and the flow of aqeuoud humor is impeded

Question 42

What are the primary vs secondary causes of closed angle glaucoma

Answer 42

primary is unknown anatomical cause | secondary is inflammation, hemorrhage, neovascularization or tumor growth

Question 43

what is characteristic of closed angle glaucoma

Answer 43

conjunctival redness

Question 44

What is the iris

Answer 44

colored, anterior extension of ciliary body controls pupillary aperture separates anterior and posterior chambers

Question 45

What are the 2 concentric rings of the iris

Answer 45

``` pupillary zone(thickest near pupil) ciliary zone (widest) ```

Question 46

What are the areas of the iris

Answer 46

anterior surface, stroma and contractile elements and posterior surface

Question 47

describe the anterior surface of the iris

Answer 47

fibroblasts and pigmented melanocytes embedded in extracellular matrix

Question 48

what determines eye pigmentation

Answer 48

the number of melanocytes on the anterior surface of iris

Question 49

describe the stroma of the iris

Answer 49

well vascularized loose CT with vessels arranged radially

Question 50

what are the contractile elements of the iris

Answer 50

myoepithelial cells making up dilator pupillae(SANs) | smooth m cells making up sphincter pupillae (PANs)

Question 51

what is the posterior surface of the iris like

Answer 51

pigmented epithelium continuous with the ciliary body

Question 52

What shape is the lens

Answer 52

transparent bi convex and avascular

Question 53

what supports the lens

Answer 53

zonule fibers making up suspensory ligaments

Question 54

what are the 3 componenets of the lens

Answer 54

lens capsule lens epithelium lens fibers

Question 55

describe the lens capsule

Answer 55

thick transparent basal lamina

Question 56

describe the lens epithelium

Answer 56

single layer of cuboidal cells which are only present on anterior and lateral surface

Question 57

describe the lens fibers

Answer 57

around 2000 hexagonal and elongated terminally differentiated cells with loose nuclei and filled with crystallins

Question 58

what are crysallins

Answer 58

proteins that increase refractory index of lens

Question 59

what is clinically important about crystallins

Answer 59

can lead to cataracts

Question 60

What is the leading cause of blindness in the world

Answer 60

cataracts

Question 61

what are risk factors of cataracts

Answer 61

advanced age, smoking, sun, alcohol, DM hyperglycemia | malnutirion, metabolic syndromes

Question 62

why cant the lens get rid of the crystallins

Answer 62

do not have intracellular mechanism and lens does not shed nonviable cells

Question 63

What is the Tx for cataracts

Answer 63

surgical replacement with syntehtic intraocular lens