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Chem 11 > Hebden Unit III > Flashcards

Hebden Unit III Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Qualitative Information

A

Non-Numerical information

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2
Q

What is Quantitative Information

A

Numerical information

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3
Q

What is an OBSERVATION

A

Qualitative information collected through the direct use of our senses

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4
Q

What is an INTERPRETATION (or Inference)

A

An attempt to put meaning into an observation.

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5
Q

What is a DESCRIPTION

A

A list of the properties of something

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6
Q

What is DATA

A

quantitative information which is experimentally-determined or obtained from references

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7
Q

What is an EXPERIMENT

A

A test or a procedure that is carried out in order to discover a result

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8
Q

What is a HYPOTHESIS

A

A single, unproven assumption or idea which attempts to explain why nature behaves in a specific manner

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9
Q

What is a THEORY

A

A set of hypotheses that ties together a large number of observations of the real world into a logically consistent and understandable pattern. A Theory is a
TESTED, REFINED and EXPANDED explanation of why nature behaves in a given way

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10
Q

What is a LAW

A

A broad generalization or summary statement which describes a large amount of experimental evidence stating how nature behaves when a particular situation occurs

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11
Q

What are general characteristics of HYPOTHESES

A
  • Normally single assumptions
  • Narrow in their scope of explanation
  • tentative but may become generally accepted after more complete testing
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12
Q

What are general characteristics of THEORIES

A
  • composed of one or more underlying hypotheses
  • broad in scope
  • they provide explanations for entire fields of related behavior
  • sometimes called models
  • can’t be proven
  • must be falsifiable. They must make testable predictions about the behavior of the system under NEW conditions
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13
Q

What are general characteristics of LAWS

A
  • summarize the results of many experiments or observations and state what will happen when a specific situation occurs
  • do NOT try to explain WHY something occurs
  • are NOT proven theories
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14
Q

What is the KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

A

Gases act as they do because they are made up of point-like particles which are constantly moving, colliding and exchanging energy

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15
Q

What is BOYLE’S LAW

A

If the temperature is unchanged, then the greater the pressure applied to a sample of gas, the smaller it’s volume

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16
Q

What is CHARLES’ LAW

A

If the applied pressure is unchanged, then the greater the temperature of a gas sample, the greater it’s volume

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17
Q

What is MATTER

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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18
Q

What is CHEMISTRY

A

The science concerned with the properties, composition and behavior of matter

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19
Q

What is a SUBSTANCE

A

Something with a unique and identifiable set of properties

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20
Q

What is a PHYSICAL PROPERTY of a substance

A

A property that can be found without creating a new substance

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21
Q

What is a CHEMICAL PROPERTY

A

The ability of a substance to undergo chemical reactions and change into new substances, either by itself or with other substances

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22
Q

What is an EXTENSIVE property of a substance

A

A physical property which depends on the amount of substance present

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23
Q

What is an INTENSIVE property of a substance

A

A physical property which depends solely on the nature of the substance and NOT on how much of the substance is present

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24
Q

What unique set of properties does a SOLID have

A
  • ridgid
  • do not readily change their shape
  • experience very small changes in volume when heated or subjected to pressure
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25
Q

What unique set of properties does a LIQUID have

A
  • conforms to the shape of their containers

- experience only slight changes in volume when heated or subjected to pressure

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26
Q

What unique set of properties does a GAS have

A
  • conforms to the shape of their containers

- experiences drastic changes in volume when heated or subjected to pressure

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27
Q

What is HARDNESS

A

the ability of a solid to resist abrasion or scratching

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28
Q

What is MALLEABILITY

A

the ability to be rolled or hammered into thin sheets

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29
Q

What is DUCTILITY

A

the ability to be stretched or drawn into wires

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30
Q

What is LUSTRE

A

the manner in which a solid surface reflects light. Example - Glassy, oily, pearly, silky, dull

31
Q

What is VISCOSITY

A

the resistance of a fluid to flow

32
Q

What is DIFFUSION

A

the intermingling of fluids as a result of motion within the fluid

33
Q

What is VAPOUR

A

the gaseous material formed by the evaporation of a substance which boils above room temperature

34
Q

What is VAPOUR PRESSURE

A

the pressure created by the vapour evaporating from a liquid

35
Q

What is a SYSTEM

A

the part of the universe being studied in a given situation

36
Q

What is a PHASE

A

any part of a system which is uniform in both its composition and properties

they are distinct regions separated from each other by visible boundaries

37
Q

What is an ELEMENT

A

a substance which cannot be separated into simpler substances as a result of any chemical process

Example - Silver Metal, Copper Metal, Hydrogen Gas

38
Q

What is an ATOM

A

the smallest possible unit of an element which retains the fundamental properties of the element

Examples - Silver (Ag), Copper (Cu), Hydrogen (H)

39
Q

What is a MOLECULE

A

a cluster of two or more atoms held together strongly by electrical forces.

Examples - water (H20), Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)

40
Q

What is an ION

A

an atom or molecule which possesses an electrical charge

Examples - Sodium ion (NA+)

41
Q

What is a PARTICLE

A

a general term used to describe a small bit of matter such as an atom, molecule or ion

42
Q

What is HOMOGENEOUS substance

A

a substance consisting of only one phase

Example - air, water, salt water, a piece of iron

43
Q

What is a HETEROGENEOUS substance

A

a substance consisting of more than one phase

Example - a human being, a pencil, gravel

44
Q

What is a PURE SUBSTANCE

A

a substance that is homogeneous and has an unchangeable composition

Example - sugar, water, copper, iron

45
Q

What is a MIXTURE

A

a system made up of two or more substances, such that the relative amount of each substance can be varied.

Example - Salt dissolved in water, alcohol dissolved in water

46
Q

What is a MECHANICAL MIXTURE

A

a heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Examples - gravel, sand and iron filings, a pencil

47
Q

What is a SOLUTION

A

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Examples - air, salt water, soda pop

48
Q

What is an ALLOY

A

a solid-in-solid solution (metals melted together)

49
Q

What is a SOLVENT

A

the component in a solution which exists in the greater quantity. When salt is dissolved in water, WATER is the SOLVENT

50
Q

What does AQUEOUS mean

A

it is a solution in which the solvent is water

51
Q

What is a SOLUTE

A

the component in a solution which exists in the smaller quantity. When salt is dissolved in water, SALT is the SOLUTE

52
Q

What is a COMPOUND

A

a pure substance made of two or more types of atoms. Only one type of molecule is present in a compound.

Example - Salt (sodium chloride NaCl)

53
Q

What is a HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

A

a mixture with uniform, unchanging physical properties

54
Q

What is a HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

A

a mechanical mixture - each substance will have its own unique set of physical properties

55
Q

What is an example of HAND SEPARATION

A

A mechanical mixture can often be separated by hand or by the use of a sieve or magnet

56
Q

What is FILTRATION

A

allows the separation of liquids from solids in mechanical mixtures

57
Q

What is RESIDUE

A

the material which remains behind on filter paper after filtration

58
Q

What is FILTRATE

A

the liquid which passes through filter paper in filtration

59
Q

What is EVAPORATION

A

allows the separation of liquids from solids in solutions. The liquid evaporates or boils away leaving the solid behind.

60
Q

When is DISTILLATION used

A

to separate out a liquid-in-liquid solution

61
Q

What is DISTILATE

A

the purified liquid that condenses out of the distillation process

62
Q

What is SOLVENT EXTRACTION in a mechanical mixture of solids

A

when you use a liquid to dissolve one or more of the solids present but leaves others undissolved. The desired solid is either left behind or is dissolved in the solvent and then evaporated out.

63
Q

What is MISCIBLE

A

refers to two liquids that are mutually soluble in each other

Example - alcohol in water

64
Q

What is IMMISCIBLE

A

refers to two liquids that are insoluble in each other

Example - water and oil

65
Q

What is a CHEMICAL CHANGE

A

a change in which new substances are formed

66
Q

What is a PHYSICAL CHANGE

A

a change in the phase of a substance, such that no new substances are formed

67
Q

What is a MELTING TEMPERATURE

A

the temperature at which a solid changes into the liquid phase.

68
Q

What is a FREEZING TEMPERATURE

A

the temperature at which a liquid changes into the solid phase

69
Q

What is a BOILING TEMPERATURE

A

the temperature at which a liquid changes into the gas phase

70
Q

What is a CONDENSATION TEMPERATURE

A

the temperature at which a gas changes into the liquid phase

71
Q

What is ROTATIONAL ENERGY of a molecule

A

causes a molecule to rotate around one of its axes; bond lengths and bond angles don’t change

72
Q

What is VIBRATIONAL ENERGY of a molecule

A

changes the bond lengths and/or angles between atoms in a molecule

73
Q

What is TRANSLATIONAL ENERGY of a molecule

A

causes the molecule to travel in a straight line from place to place, but has no effect on bond lengths and angles.

74
Q

What is CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

a separation process in which different dissolved substances in a solution preferentially move through as absorbent material and are separated according to the relative attractions of the dissolved solids to the mobile phase or stationary phase

Chem 11 (8 decks)

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