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Physics ATAR U1 > Heating Processes > Flashcards

Heating Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy

A

The ability to do work

Energy makes things happen
- Work is what happens

Measured in Joules

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2
Q

What is conservation of energy

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed

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3
Q

What is the points of kinetic particle model

A

1) All matter is made up of particles

2) Particles are constantly moving

3) Particles are attracted to eachother

4) Particles have elastic conditionsW

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4
Q

What is the bonds between particles of different states of matter

A

Solid - very strong

Liquid - strong

Gas - very weak

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5
Q

What is temperature

A

Average kinetic energy of all particles in a substance

Can use Celsius or Kelvin

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6
Q

What is absolute zero

A

Lowest temperature

No particle movement

Unattainable (Impossible)

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7
Q

What is internal energy

A

Total energy of all particles in a substance

Heat = Transfer of internal energy (Q)

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8
Q

What is kinetic energy

A

Particle motion / vibration
More kinetic energy = Motion of particles give more temperature

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9
Q

What is potential energy

A

Particle separation / bonding
Separating particles changes state from solid-liquid-gas

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10
Q

Why doesn’t temperature change during changing state

A

Energy goes into increasing particle separation to change state

No extra movement when heating = No extra temperature

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11
Q

What happens during normal heating state of substance

A

Energy goes into increasing particle movement

Extra movement = Change in temperature

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12
Q

What is first law of thermodynamics

A

If heat added to system or work done on system = Internal energy rises

If heat removed from system or work done by system = Internal energy drops

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13
Q

Formula for internal energy

A

Difference(U) = Q + W

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14
Q

What is thermal expansion

A

Whenever substance heated, it expands

  • Increase in temperature = Vibrate with more kinetic energy, move further apart
  • Least noticeable in solids
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15
Q

What is specific heat capacity

A

Heat energy needed to raise temperature of 1 kg of metal by 1 degree celsiusW

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16
Q

What is the proportionality of specific heat capacity

A

Greater the mass of substance, greater the energy required to heat substance
- Q proportional to m

The more heat transferred to substance, them ore the temperature of substance increases
- Q proportional to Different(T)

Specific heat capacity is constant of proportionality

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17
Q

What is equation of specific heat capacity

A

Q = m * c * Difference(T)

18
Q

What is latent heat

A

Energy required to change state of 1kg of material at constant temperature

When substance changing state, temperature remains the same

19
Q

What is equation of latent heat

A

Q = mL (L either fusion or vaporisation)

20
Q

What is difference between latent heat vs specific heat capacity

A

Latent heat is during changing state (Potential energy)

Specific heat capcacity during normal heating phase, temperature is increasing (Kinetic energy)

21
Q

What is latent heat of fusion (Melting)

A

Thermal energy transferred to solid = Temperature increases
- Particles within solid gain internal energy, faster vibration

Solid at melting point, particles move further apart, reducing strength of bonds
- Temperature doesn’t increase, energy transformed into potential energy, reducing intermolecular forces

22
Q

What is latent heat of vaporisation (Boiling)

A

Thermal energy transferred to liquid = Temperature of liquid increases
- Particles within liquid gain internal energy, faster vibration

Liquid at boiling point, particles move further apart, reducing strength of bond
- Temperature doesn’t increase, energy transformed into potential energy, reducing intermolecular forces

23
Q

Which latent heat requires more energy and why

A

More energy to convert from liquid to gas than solid to liquid

  • As intermolecular forces need to be fully broken

Therefore latent heat of vaporisation

24
Q

How does evaporation & cooling work

A

Occurs at all temperatures, as not all particles have same kinetic energy

  • If near the surface, can escape attractive forces
  • Loss of particles = Average kinetic energy lowered, lower temperature
25
Q

What is thermal equilibrium

A

Two systems undergo energy transfer until they are the same temperature

Changes of state may occur

Ideal situation, no heat loss to environment

26
Q

What is the general equation for heat loss

A

Heat lost by hot object = Heat gained by cold object

27
Q

What is power (Heating processes sense)

A

Rate at which energy transferred to reach thermal equilibrium (By heat or work)

  • 1 Watt = 1 Joule / Second

Power (W) = Energy (J) / Time (s)

28
Q

What is conduction

A

Transfer of heat from one location to another, without matter changing location

  • Must be touching to occur
  • Transferred via particle collisions or free electrons
  • Most easily in solids
29
Q

What are the factors affecting thermal conduction

A

Nature of material (Conductivity)

Temperature difference between the two objects (Higher temperature difference = Faster energy transfer)

Thickness of material (Thicker = More collisions need to occur)

Surface area (Higher surface area = Higher number of particles involved in transfer process)

30
Q

What are conductors

A

Materials that pass on heat energy well (Eg. Metals)

31
Q

What are insulators

A

Materials that can’t pass on heat energy well (Eg. Styrofoam)

32
Q

What is convection

A

Transfer of heat via convection currents
- Possible, as density of fluids are dependent on temperature

Fluids heated, expands, becomes less dense & rises

Cold & more dense fluids move downwards to take its place = Flow

33
Q

What are the factors that affect thermal convection

A

Temperature difference between heat source and convective fluid

In container, the placement of source of heat

34
Q

What is radiation

A

Object above absolute zero emits heat energy through radiation (Electromagnetic waves)

Radiation can travel through space (Doesn’t require medium)

35
Q

What can happen when radiation hits an object

A

Reflected (Bounced off object)

Transmitted (Passed through object)

Absorbed (Transfer of heat energy)

36
Q

What is emissivity

A

Ability to emit thermal radiation

Some surfaces better at reflecting & absorbing infrared radiation

37
Q

What are the factors that affect thermal radiation

A

Surface area (Larger exposed area, higher rate of radiant transfer)

Temperature difference (Higher difference = Higher rate of radiant transfer)

Surface colour and texture (Determine if surface will emit / absorb radiant energy)

38
Q

Which surfaces are good at absorbing & reflecting infrared radiation

A

Dark colours best at absorbing & radiating heat

Light colours worst at absorbing & radiating heat

39
Q

What is efficiency

A

Measure of how much energy is retained, when moving from system to system

Is the % of input energy that produces useful output

40
Q

What is equation for efficiency

A

( (Useful Energy or Energy Output ) / Energy Input ) * 100%

Physics ATAR U1 (3 decks)

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