Heat and Earth Science Flashcards
all matter is composed of tiny particles called
atoms/molecules
how is motion related to temperature
temperature is basically a measure of kinetic energy in a substances molecules
so increased movement=increased energy=increased temp.
“the amount of motion in turn determines the phase or state of a substance.
Absolute 0
0 Kelvin, the temp where all motion stops
Solids (movement, shape, volume, density)
Definite shape
deffinite volume
most dense
particles move the slowest.
liquids (movement, shape, volume, density)
takes shape of container
definite volume
less dense,
move at speed in the middle
gasses (movement, shape, volume, density)
volume= fill the container
shape= fill the container
least dense,
particles move the fastest,
if a substance has a high boiling point what does this simple about the attractions between the molecules in that substance
attractions between the particles are very strong.
can change boiling point by adding _____ or ______
impurities or pressure
think salt
on mountain top- why would soup take long to cook in high altitudes
higher altitude= lower pressure- easier to boil
so boils at lower temp
so takes longer to fully cook cause its not as hot
what happens to the particles in a material as the material is heated
particles move more quickly
solids expand
two types of expansion thermometers
mercury- more accurate go to higher temps
alcohol- narrower rang of temps
less expansion
outdoor use common
digital thermometers:
thermacouple- 2 metals in contact with eacher other- produce voltage that changes with temp
infrared- measures infrared light put out by object converts that into temp readout`
Important EXCEPTION to heat expands stuff, cold contracts stuff
WATER expands when it freezes
which makes ice less dense than liquid water which is why ice floats.
Cold is simply ___________
the absence of heat
heat always moves from a
warmer object to a cooler object
heat is a form of ______
energy
energy is defined as
the ability too do wiork
energy can be changed from one form to another
electrical- heat
chemical to heat
mechanical to heat
heat travels in three different ways
conduction
convection
radiation
Conduction:
applies to solids
the molicules next to heat source begin to move and increase in energy this makes them “bump into” each other and the others are getting hotter.
Convection
liquids and gasses (both called fluids)
warm air rises principle U know this concept from APES.
Radiaton
does not require a medium/can move through vacuum
which is why the sun heats our planet
comes from glowing sources
basically the greenhouse effect
the reason the sun makes ur car hot inside
heat capacity
amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g substance by 1 degree celcious
calorie vs Calorie
Calorie (food)= 1000 calories science
BTU
heat needed to raise one lb of H2O by 1 degree farenheit
main greenhouse gas
CO2 produced by combustion of fossil fuels
liquid to gas
vaporization
gas to liquid
condensation
solid to liquid
melting
liquid to solid
freezing
solid to gas
sublimation
gas to solid
deposition
who developed plate tectonics theory/continental drift theory
alfred wegener
pangea
name of large super continent that seperated into pieces by drifting 200 million years ago
evidence on continental drift
coastlines of continents, fit ok, continental shelves fit better
fossils- plant +nonswimming non flying animals found on multiple continents
rocks and mountains-ranges on diff continents line up with similar structure rock type and age ex: appalachin, Greenland, British isles,
Seafloor spreading: MOR
Plate boundaries:
convergent
divergent
transform
layers of the earth:
crust
lithosphere
asthenosphere
lower mantle
outer core
inner core
crust:
thing outermost layer of the earth
lithosphere
the crust and uppermost mantle, broken into techtonic plates
asthenosphere
plastic like layer that tectonic plates move on top of
lower mantle
more ridgid, but has some flow
outer core
liquid
inner core
solid interior sphere
name of the boundaries between the layers of the earth?
discontinuities
discontinuitiies cause seismic waves to??
change speed and direction
shadow zones
area on earths surface where seismic waves arent recorded
S-Waves
secondary waves, slower but more voilent, dont travel through liquids
moves side to side
P-Waves
primary waves
faster, moves forward backward
push pull waves
what is an earthquake?
a vibration of earth produced by rapid release of energy
earthquake locations:
tectonic plate boundaries,
ring of fire
focus vs epicenter
focus- poin of origin beneath earth
epicenter- point on earths surface directly above focus
what causes an earthquake
caused by slippage along a fault
most produced by rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been subject to great stress.
elastic rebound
sudden release of strain energy as rock moves along a fault (rubber band snapping back)
seismic waves come from
elastic rebound produces energy that travels in the earth
what do we use to measure earthquake
richter scale- each level is 10 times worse
orrrrrrr
moment magnitude sccale, provides accurate estimate for large magnitude
parts of a volcano
conduit
vents
crater
parasitic cone?
how does a volcano form
forms when magma reaches earths surface and erupts as lava or ash
volcano locations
convergent plate boundaries- ring of fire, surrounds pacific ocean along subduction zones
Divergent plate boundaries- underwater volcanos
hot spots
hawaii is an example of
island chain that came from hot spots
factors of eruptions
composition, temp, amount of gas dissovled in magma
viscosity
more viscous= greatere resistancee to flow, more violent eruption
(think about molasses)
types of volcanos:
cinder cone volcanos
shield volcanos
composite volcanoes
cinder cone volcano
look for steep sides, built from ejected lava fragments
shield volcanoes
domed structure, like a shield
gentler slope
most come from deep ocean
compsite volcanoes
most explosive,
gentle lower slopes, then steep on top
most viscous lava
around ring of fire mostly
what is a mineral
naturally occuring inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition
what is a rock
naturally formed mixture that can contain minerals, rock, and volcanic glass.
crystal form
external appearance of minerals
internal orderly arrangment of atoms
luster
the way minerals reflect light
types of luster
metalic
non metalic: glassy, waxy, earthy, vitreous, pearly, silky, resinous,
what is an unreliable diagnostic property of a mineral
color
streak
color of the mineral in powdered form,
more reliable identification of mineral identity than in color alone
properties of minerals: hardness
measure of resistance of mineral to scratching
mohs scale
used to determine hardness of a mineral
cleavage and fracture
when minerals break/cleave along planes of weakness creates distinctive smooth surfaces.
minerals that don’t cleave- fracture
cleave is to break nicely
mineral groups
8 elements make up 98.9 percent of the continental crust- O,Si,Fe,Ca,Na,K,Mg
silicates
group of minerals that contain silicon, oxygen, +1 or more other elements
nonsilicates
minerals that don’t contain silicon
igneous rocks
formed from magma that cook and crystalizes under or on earths surface
intrusive
formed under earths crust, slower cooling ddown = longer crystals formed
coarse grained (can see with un aided eyes)
extrusive
formed from lava erupts at earths surface, cools and crystallized
quick cooling so crystals don’t have time to grow
volcanic glass formed when lava cools so quickly that no crystals form (obsidian)
often glassy texture
cannot see the grains unaided
sedimentary rocks
can form from consolidation of clasts crystalization of minerals from stratated solutions or from remains of living organisms
how are sedimentary rocks formed
compaction
cementation
minerals precipitate out of water solution between clasts and crystalites
detrital sedimentary rocks
sedimentary rock made of mostly clasts
compostion depends on type of material weathered transported deposited
classified bases of clasts size
chemical sedimentary rocks
form from water that contains dissolved solids
dissolved molecule will precipitate to form chemical sediments often due to evaporations
biochemical sedimentary rocks
contains remains of living organisms
ex: coal is compressed plant material from underground
metamorphic rock
rocks that have been changed by any combo of heat, pressure, chemical, reactions.
formed via metamorphism
regional metamorphism
metamorphic changes that occur over large areas
local metamorphism
metamorphic changes in rocks that occurs over small areas
textures
describes size, shape, arrangement of the crystals or grains in the rock
foliated rock
looks layered or banded
non foliated rocks
no clear/ distinct layers/ bands
