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General Science for Elementary Teachers > Heat and Earth Science > Flashcards

Heat and Earth Science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all matter is composed of tiny particles called

A

atoms/molecules

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2
Q

how is motion related to temperature

A

temperature is basically a measure of kinetic energy in a substances molecules
so increased movement=increased energy=increased temp.
“the amount of motion in turn determines the phase or state of a substance.

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3
Q

Absolute 0

A

0 Kelvin, the temp where all motion stops

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4
Q

Solids (movement, shape, volume, density)

A

Definite shape
deffinite volume
most dense
particles move the slowest.

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5
Q

liquids (movement, shape, volume, density)

A

takes shape of container
definite volume
less dense,
move at speed in the middle

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6
Q

gasses (movement, shape, volume, density)

A

volume= fill the container
shape= fill the container
least dense,
particles move the fastest,

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7
Q

if a substance has a high boiling point what does this simple about the attractions between the molecules in that substance

A

attractions between the particles are very strong.

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8
Q

can change boiling point by adding _____ or ______

A

impurities or pressure
think salt

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9
Q

on mountain top- why would soup take long to cook in high altitudes

A

higher altitude= lower pressure- easier to boil
so boils at lower temp
so takes longer to fully cook cause its not as hot

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10
Q

what happens to the particles in a material as the material is heated

A

particles move more quickly
solids expand

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11
Q

two types of expansion thermometers

A

mercury- more accurate go to higher temps
alcohol- narrower rang of temps
less expansion
outdoor use common

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12
Q

digital thermometers:

A

thermacouple- 2 metals in contact with eacher other- produce voltage that changes with temp
infrared- measures infrared light put out by object converts that into temp readout`

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13
Q

Important EXCEPTION to heat expands stuff, cold contracts stuff

A

WATER expands when it freezes
which makes ice less dense than liquid water which is why ice floats.

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14
Q

Cold is simply ___________

A

the absence of heat

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15
Q

heat always moves from a

A

warmer object to a cooler object

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16
Q

heat is a form of ______

A

energy

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17
Q

energy is defined as

A

the ability too do wiork

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18
Q

energy can be changed from one form to another

A

electrical- heat
chemical to heat
mechanical to heat

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19
Q

heat travels in three different ways

A

conduction
convection
radiation

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20
Q

Conduction:

A

applies to solids
the molicules next to heat source begin to move and increase in energy this makes them “bump into” each other and the others are getting hotter.

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21
Q

Convection

A

liquids and gasses (both called fluids)
warm air rises principle U know this concept from APES.

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22
Q

Radiaton

A

does not require a medium/can move through vacuum
which is why the sun heats our planet
comes from glowing sources
basically the greenhouse effect
the reason the sun makes ur car hot inside

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23
Q

heat capacity

A

amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g substance by 1 degree celcious

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24
Q

calorie vs Calorie

A

Calorie (food)= 1000 calories science

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25
Q

BTU

A

heat needed to raise one lb of H2O by 1 degree farenheit

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26
Q

main greenhouse gas

A

CO2 produced by combustion of fossil fuels

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27
Q

liquid to gas

A

vaporization

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28
Q

gas to liquid

A

condensation

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29
Q

solid to liquid

A

melting

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30
Q

liquid to solid

A

freezing

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31
Q

solid to gas

A

sublimation

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32
Q

gas to solid

A

deposition

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33
Q

who developed plate tectonics theory/continental drift theory

A

alfred wegener

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34
Q

pangea

A

name of large super continent that seperated into pieces by drifting 200 million years ago

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35
Q

evidence on continental drift

A

coastlines of continents, fit ok, continental shelves fit better
fossils- plant +nonswimming non flying animals found on multiple continents
rocks and mountains-ranges on diff continents line up with similar structure rock type and age ex: appalachin, Greenland, British isles,
Seafloor spreading: MOR

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36
Q

Plate boundaries:

A

convergent
divergent
transform

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37
Q

layers of the earth:

A

crust
lithosphere
asthenosphere
lower mantle
outer core
inner core

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38
Q

crust:

A

thing outermost layer of the earth

39
Q

lithosphere

A

the crust and uppermost mantle, broken into techtonic plates

40
Q

asthenosphere

A

plastic like layer that tectonic plates move on top of

41
Q

lower mantle

A

more ridgid, but has some flow

42
Q

outer core

A

liquid

43
Q

inner core

A

solid interior sphere

44
Q

name of the boundaries between the layers of the earth?

A

discontinuities

45
Q

discontinuitiies cause seismic waves to??

A

change speed and direction

46
Q

shadow zones

A

area on earths surface where seismic waves arent recorded

47
Q

S-Waves

A

secondary waves, slower but more voilent, dont travel through liquids
moves side to side

48
Q

P-Waves

A

primary waves
faster, moves forward backward
push pull waves

49
Q

what is an earthquake?

A

a vibration of earth produced by rapid release of energy

50
Q

earthquake locations:

A

tectonic plate boundaries,
ring of fire

51
Q

focus vs epicenter

A

focus- poin of origin beneath earth
epicenter- point on earths surface directly above focus

52
Q

what causes an earthquake

A

caused by slippage along a fault
most produced by rapid release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been subject to great stress.

53
Q

elastic rebound

A

sudden release of strain energy as rock moves along a fault (rubber band snapping back)

54
Q

seismic waves come from

A

elastic rebound produces energy that travels in the earth

55
Q

what do we use to measure earthquake

A

richter scale- each level is 10 times worse
orrrrrrr
moment magnitude sccale, provides accurate estimate for large magnitude

56
Q

parts of a volcano

A

conduit
vents
crater
parasitic cone?

57
Q

how does a volcano form

A

forms when magma reaches earths surface and erupts as lava or ash

58
Q

volcano locations

A

convergent plate boundaries- ring of fire, surrounds pacific ocean along subduction zones
Divergent plate boundaries- underwater volcanos
hot spots

59
Q

hawaii is an example of

A

island chain that came from hot spots

60
Q

factors of eruptions

A

composition, temp, amount of gas dissovled in magma

61
Q

viscosity

A

more viscous= greatere resistancee to flow, more violent eruption
(think about molasses)

62
Q

types of volcanos:

A

cinder cone volcanos
shield volcanos
composite volcanoes

63
Q

cinder cone volcano

A

look for steep sides, built from ejected lava fragments

64
Q

shield volcanoes

A

domed structure, like a shield
gentler slope
most come from deep ocean

65
Q

compsite volcanoes

A

most explosive,
gentle lower slopes, then steep on top
most viscous lava
around ring of fire mostly

66
Q

what is a mineral

A

naturally occuring inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition

67
Q

what is a rock

A

naturally formed mixture that can contain minerals, rock, and volcanic glass.

68
Q

crystal form

A

external appearance of minerals
internal orderly arrangment of atoms

69
Q

luster

A

the way minerals reflect light

70
Q

types of luster

A

metalic
non metalic: glassy, waxy, earthy, vitreous, pearly, silky, resinous,

71
Q

what is an unreliable diagnostic property of a mineral

A

color

72
Q

streak

A

color of the mineral in powdered form,
more reliable identification of mineral identity than in color alone

73
Q

properties of minerals: hardness

A

measure of resistance of mineral to scratching

74
Q

mohs scale

A

used to determine hardness of a mineral

75
Q

cleavage and fracture

A

when minerals break/cleave along planes of weakness creates distinctive smooth surfaces.

minerals that don’t cleave- fracture

cleave is to break nicely

76
Q

mineral groups

A

8 elements make up 98.9 percent of the continental crust- O,Si,Fe,Ca,Na,K,Mg

77
Q

silicates

A

group of minerals that contain silicon, oxygen, +1 or more other elements

78
Q

nonsilicates

A

minerals that don’t contain silicon

79
Q

igneous rocks

A

formed from magma that cook and crystalizes under or on earths surface

80
Q

intrusive

A

formed under earths crust, slower cooling ddown = longer crystals formed
coarse grained (can see with un aided eyes)

81
Q

extrusive

A

formed from lava erupts at earths surface, cools and crystallized
quick cooling so crystals don’t have time to grow
volcanic glass formed when lava cools so quickly that no crystals form (obsidian)

often glassy texture
cannot see the grains unaided

82
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

can form from consolidation of clasts crystalization of minerals from stratated solutions or from remains of living organisms

83
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

compaction

84
Q

cementation

A

minerals precipitate out of water solution between clasts and crystalites

85
Q

detrital sedimentary rocks

A

sedimentary rock made of mostly clasts
compostion depends on type of material weathered transported deposited
classified bases of clasts size

86
Q

chemical sedimentary rocks

A

form from water that contains dissolved solids
dissolved molecule will precipitate to form chemical sediments often due to evaporations

87
Q

biochemical sedimentary rocks

A

contains remains of living organisms
ex: coal is compressed plant material from underground

88
Q

metamorphic rock

A

rocks that have been changed by any combo of heat, pressure, chemical, reactions.

formed via metamorphism

89
Q

regional metamorphism

A

metamorphic changes that occur over large areas

90
Q

local metamorphism

A

metamorphic changes in rocks that occurs over small areas

91
Q

textures

A

describes size, shape, arrangement of the crystals or grains in the rock

92
Q

foliated rock

A

looks layered or banded

93
Q

non foliated rocks

A

no clear/ distinct layers/ bands

General Science for Elementary Teachers (3 decks)

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