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PT 561 Therapeutic Application of Physical Agents > Heat and Cold > Flashcards

Heat and Cold Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of modalities used to induce thermal change?

A

Cryotherapy

Thermotherapy

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2
Q

What are the (6) types of cryotherapy?

A
  1. Ice Massage
  2. Cold Pack
  3. Ice Pack
  4. Cold Whirlpool
  5. Contrast Bath
  6. Cryo-Cuff
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3
Q

What are the (5) types of Thermotherapy?

A
  1. Moist Heat Pack
  2. Paraffin Bath
  3. Hot Whirlpool
  4. Infrared Lamps
  5. Fluidotherapy
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4
Q

Temperature change in targeted tissue is accomplished by (5)…

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Convection
  3. Evaporation
  4. Radiation
  5. Conversion
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5
Q

________ is the transfer of heat by direct interaction of the molecules in a warmer area with those in a cooler area.

A

Conduction

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6
Q

With conduction, the body is within _____ contact with the agent

A

Direct

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7
Q

What are 4 types of conduction agents?

A
  1. Hot Pack
  2. Cold Pack
  3. Paraffin
  4. Ice Massage
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8
Q

The rate of temperature change is dependent upon ____________

A

Thermal Conductivity

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9
Q

What is thermal conductivity?

A

A measure of the efficiency of a material or tissue to conduct heat

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10
Q

This is direct contact with a circulating medium to the stationary patient…

A

Convection

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11
Q

During convection, the thermal agent is in ______

A

Motion

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12
Q

During convection, the initial temperature of the circulating medium is _________

A

Maintained

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13
Q

What are 2 examples of Convection with therapeutic agents?

A
  1. Whirlpool

2. Fluidotherapy

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14
Q

This is the use of material which rapidly absorb energy and convert to gas

A

Evaporation

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15
Q

Evaporation is used as a means of ____________

A

Energy transfer

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16
Q

With Evaporation, skin temperature can briefly drop to approximately ____, but changes in __________ & _________ are negligible

A

15°C

Subcutaneous and Muscle Tissue

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17
Q

This is direct transfer of energy from a material of higher temperature to lower without need for intervening medium or contact

A

Radiation

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18
Q

What are 3 examples of Radiation therapy?

A
  1. Laser
  2. Ultraviolet Light therapy
  3. Infrared Lamps
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19
Q

This is the use of electrical, mechanical, chemical, or sound energy to convert a form of energy to heat

A

Conversion

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20
Q

For Conversion, it requires the use of a ________ which to conduct energy exchange.

A

Medium

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21
Q

What are 2 examples of medium for conversion?

A
  1. Sound Gel

2. Ultrasound

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22
Q

What are 2 examples of therapy using conversion?

A
  1. Short Wave Diathermy

2. Ultrasound

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23
Q

What are the biophysical effects of cooling? (3)

A
  1. Hemodynamic
  2. Metabolic
  3. Neuromuscular
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24
Q

For Hemodynamic, vasoconstriction of arterioles and venules via smooth muscle contraction reduce…

A

Bleeding

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25
Q

During Hemodynamic therapy, fluid filtration into the interstitial tissue may be…

A

Reduced

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26
Q

For Hemodynamic therapy, a reduction in metabolic and vasoactive agents (i.e. Histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins) reduces …

A

Inflammation

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27
Q

Cooling modalities increase blood viscosity and the result is…

A

Resistance to flow

28
Q

(Blank) may occur if duration of cooling is >30 minutes especially in fingers and toes (Hunting Response)

A

Cold Induced Vasodilation

29
Q

When a cold sitmulus is applied, what are the 4 circulatory responses?

A
  1. Increased Smooth Muscle Tone
  2. Reflex Vasoconstriction
  3. Decreased Vasodilatory and metabolic agents
  4. Increased Blood Viscosity
30
Q

What is the effect of applied a cooling agent?

A

Decreased Blood Flow

31
Q

Metabolic effects of cooling leads to the reduction in overall __________ and ________ demand of living tissues.

A

Metabolism

Oxygen Demand

32
Q

What are the 2 effects of Metabolic cooling?

A
  1. Decreased Inflammatory reactions

2. Decrease in cellular energy demand

33
Q

It is important to note that cooling can also lead to a reduction for the _________ process?

A

Healing

34
Q

What is the secondary risk to providing too much cooling to a tissue?

A

Increase the risk of infection and reduce healing

35
Q

What are the (4) effects of cooling on the neuromuscular system?

A
  1. Increases Threshold for Depolarization
  2. Slows Nerve Conduction velocity
  3. Increases pain Tolerance
  4. Decreases Muscle Spasm
36
Q

In regards to slowing nerve conduction with cooling modalities, what happens after 5 minutes?

A

Decrease Nerve Conduction velocity by 6% for up to 15 minutes

37
Q

During extreme cases of cold, what happens to the NCV?

A

Block nerve conduction completely

38
Q

In regards to decreasing muscle spams with cooling, what is true of the motor neurons and muscle spindles?

A

Decreases activity in
motor neurons and
Muscle spindes AFFERENT

39
Q

Does the Gate control therapy of pain explain the effect of cooling on pain?

A

NO

40
Q

Temperature (heat and cold) are carried on _________ which do not compete with pain at the Wide Dynamic Range cells

A

A Delta Fibers

41
Q

In regards to pain modulation by cooling modalities, decreased NCV occurs with cooling and targets the larger nerve fibers first which are …

A

A Alpha and Beta Nere Fibers

42
Q

A Alpha and beta Nerve Fibers can be found where in the skin?

A

Cutaneous Layers

43
Q

Applied cold therapy decreases NCV and this decreases the ability of the A Alpha and beta fibers to compete at the WDR cels, so this lessens the effect of ______

A

Tens

44
Q

Should you use TENS with Cryotherapy?

A

No

45
Q

What are the 5 primary goals of using Cryotherapy?

A
  1. Limit edema Formation
  2. Reduce Pain
  3. Facilitate Muscle Relaxation
  4. Limit Secondary Hypoxic Tissue Injury
46
Q

Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding. As such, fluid filtration into the interstitial tissue may be…

A

Reduced

47
Q

Reduction in metabolic and vasoactive agents does what?

A

Decreases Inflammation

48
Q

How is pain reduced with cryotherapy?

A

Decrease Nerve Conduction Velocity

Increase Pain Tolerance-Threshold for pain perception is elevated

49
Q

What is muscle relaxation facilitated with cryotherapy?

A

Decreased Activity in motor neurons and muscle spindle afferents

50
Q

How does cryotherapy limit secondary hypoxic tissue injuries?

A

Decreased Metabolism

Decreased Oxygen demand of tissues

51
Q

What are the (7) Factors which influence response to cold therapy?

A
  1. Temperature difference between the cold agent and the targeted area
  2. Time of exposure
  3. Thermal conductivity of the area being cooled
  4. Type and size of cooling agent
  5. Total body Surface area being cooled
  6. Ability of agent to maintain its temperature
  7. Activity level: Increased activity, Increased Circulation, Faster Re-warming
52
Q

What are the (8) indications for use of cryotherapy?

A
  1. Acute/Chronic Pain
  2. Acute/Subacute Inflammation
  3. Edema/Ecchymosis
  4. Myofacial Trigger Points
  5. Muscle Spasm
  6. Ligament and Muscle Strain
  7. bursitis
  8. Tendinitis
53
Q

What are the (6) Contraindications for Cryotherapy?

A
  1. Impaired Circulation
  2. Over area with peripheral vascular disease
  3. Cold Sensitivity or allergy
  4. Raynaud’s Phenomenon
  5. Infection
  6. Over a regenerating peripheral nerve
54
Q

What are the (7) Precautions for Cryotherapy Use?

A
  1. Avoid cooling over superficial nerve branches
  2. Very old and Very young patients
  3. Impaired cognition
  4. Open Wounds
  5. Thermoregulatory disorders
  6. Hypertension
  7. Over areas of Impaired Sensation
55
Q

What are the (3) Adverse Affects of Cryotherapy?

A
  1. Tissue Death
  2. Frostbite
  3. Nerve Damage
56
Q

This occurs when tissue temperature drops below 0°C

A

Frostbite

57
Q

What are the 3 symptoms associated with Frostbite?

A
  1. Tingling
  2. Initial redness from Hyperemia followed by Pallor
  3. Numbness
58
Q

If frostbite is suspected, what should a therapist do?

A

Remove cold source if applied

Refer to physician

59
Q

Lowering Skin surface temperature to ______ is sufficient to produce local analgesia

A

13.6°C

Lack of feeling

60
Q

The human body temperature is about…

A

37°C

98.6°F

61
Q

What could a patient experience under cryotherapy? (5)

A
  1. Cold
  2. Stinging
  3. Burning
  4. Aching
  5. Numbness
62
Q

What are the Biophysical effects of Heating?

A
  1. Increase Hemodynamic
  2. Increase Metabolic activity
  3. Increase Neuromuscular activity
63
Q

Facilitation of local inflammatory mediators includes _______ and ________

A

Histamines

Prostaglandins

64
Q

Heating modalities cause which kind of dilation?

A

Superficial Vasodilation

65
Q

What happens to tissue in regards to healing and tissue oxygenation with heating modalities?

A

Increase Healing

Increase Tissue Oxygenation

66
Q

What a heat stimulus is applied, what are the 4 circulatory responses?

A
  1. Decreased Smooth Muscle Tone
  2. Reflex Vasodilation
  3. Decreased Blood Viscosity
  4. Increased Vasodilator Metabolites
67
Q

What is the effect on blood circulation with heating modalities?

A

Increased

PT 561 Therapeutic Application of Physical Agents (1 decks)

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