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FoundSci Unit 6 > Heart Tissue > Flashcards

Heart Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart

Blood vascular system

Lymph vascular system

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2
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Maintains and regulates the continuous movement of all body fluids

Heart pumps blood toward capillary beds

Vessels (conduits for blood or lymph)

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3
Q

What is the flow of deoxygenated blood?

A

Tissues - microcirculation - venous vessels - heart - arterial vessels - lungs

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4
Q

What is the flow of oxygenated blood?

A

Lungs - venous vessels - heart - arterial vessels - microcirculation - tissues - lymph vessels - lymph nodes

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5
Q

What is the lymph vascular system?

A

Carries fluid (lymph) to lymph nodes for filtration and then returns filtered lymph to blood

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6
Q

What are the parts of the heart?

A

Heart wall - 3 layers

Cardiac skeleton - valves and ings CT within interventricular and atrioventricular septae

Conducting system - SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

Coronary vasculature - arterial supply to the heart and cardiac veins and coronary sinus

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7
Q

What are the 3 parts of the heart wall?

A

Endocardium

Myocardium

Epicardium

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8
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

A

Epicardium

Visceral pericardium

Subepicardium

Myocardium

Endocardium

Subendocardium

Myoelastic CT later

Subendothelium

Endothelium

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9
Q

What are the layers of the epicardium?

A

Visceral Pericardium

Subepicardium

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10
Q

What are the layers of the endocardium?

A

Subendocardium

Myoelastic CT layer

Subendothelium

Endothelium

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11
Q

Are there layers in the myocardium?

A

No!

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12
Q

Describe the 2 structures of the epicardium or outer layer of the heart

A

Visceral pericardium - shiny surface on heart, simple squamous epithelium (1 layer)

Subepicardium - layer of fibroelastic CT (dense irregular CT with collagen I gibers and elastic fibers) just below the visceral pericardium, adipose CT layer in the sulci/grooves and surrounding coronary vessels

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13
Q

What does the visceral pericardium and the subepicardium do?

A

Visceral pericardium - Secretes lubricating fluid for pericardial cavity (anti-friction)

Subepicardium:
Fibroelastic CT layer connects epithelium to underlying fat and/or to myocardium

Adipose CT layer protects coronary vessels (cushions the vessels and prevents squishing when heart expands) and is local energy storage site for hearts

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14
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The middle muscular layer

Most of the heart wall

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15
Q

What are contractile cardiomyocytes? What do they do?

A

Main cell type in myocardium

Aka contractile cardiac muscle fibers

Y-shaped cells (branches)

1-2 euchromatic nuclei in cell center

The heart pumps by coordinating these cells’ contraction and relaxation

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16
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

Present in contractile cardiomyocytes

Concentrated gap junctions that aid in rapid ion transfer and allows depolarizing current (produced by cations) to flow from cell to cell very rapidly

17
Q

What is the other cell in the myocardium and what does it do?

A

Myoendocrine cells

Modified contractile cardiomyocytes that also secrete peptide hormones

In the atria - myoendocrine cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

In the ventricles - myoendocrine cells secrete B-type natriuretic peptide (brain natriuretic peptide, BNP)

18
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

Modified contractile cardiomyocytes in myocardium that are highly specialized for rapid impulse conduction

Fibers mostly travel in the subendocardium layer of the endocardium, but they terminate in the myocardium

19
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

The inner layer of the heart

Lines chambers

Has 4 sublayers - subendocardium, myoelastic CT layer, subendothelium, and endothelium

20
Q

What is the structure and function of the subendocardium of the endocardium?

A

Layer next to myocardium

Loose CT with blood vessels, nerves, and Purkinje fibers

CT anchors endocardium to myocardium and provides a pathway for Purkinje fibers

21
Q

What is the structure and function of the myoelastic CT layer of endocardium?

A

Smooth muscle cells, elastic fibers, and some collagen I

Facilitates contraction/expansion of endothelium

22
Q

What is the structure and function of the subendothelial layer?

A

Collagenous or fibroelastic CT (lots of collagen I fibers and some elastic fibers)

Anchors endothelium to rest of endocardium

23
Q

What is the structure and function of the endothelium?

A

Layer closest to chamber lumen

Simple squamous epithelium

Lines heart chambers

24
Q

What is the conduction pathway of the heart?

A

SA node - conducting cells along atrial walls - AV node - along fibrous skeleton - AV Bundle (of His) - R and L bundle branches - Purkinje fibers

25
Q

What is the SA node?

A

The pacemaker

Rate of depolarization is faster than AV node

Most SA nodal cells (pacemaker cells) generate impulses, some transmit impulses to nearby conducting cells in R atrium

Small, elongate cells w/ 2 or more cytoplasmic extensions and fewer myofibrils vs. contractile cardiomyocytes

26
Q

What is the AV node?

A

Delays transmission of signals from atria to ventricles

Ensures atrial contraction precedes ventricular contraction

AV nodal cells look pretty similar to pacemaker cells

27
Q

What are Purkinje fibers specialized for?

A

Highly specialized for rapid impulse transmission

Mainly located in the subendocardium and eventually terminate in myocardium

28
Q

What are important characteristics about Purkinje fibers?

A

2x the diameter of normal contractile cells - faster conduction velocity and faster repolarization

3x more gap junctions in their intercalated discs

Lighter staining

29
Q

What is the function and structure of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Fibrous - dense irregular collagenous CT

Flexible anchor for cardiac muscle tissue - can withstand pulling from several directions during heart contraction

30
Q

What is the structure and function of heart valves?

A

Each valve has several leaflets or cusps

Valves are avascular typically

Valves maintain unidirectional blood flow through the heart (prevent backflow)

Normal function requires valves to be intact, mobile, and pliable

31
Q

How many layers do valves have?

A

5 layers

32
Q

What are the 5 layers of the valves in the order of the direction of blood flow?

A

Endothelium - inflow surface

Elastic layer - inflow side

Spongiosa - central core

Fibrosa - outflow side

Endothelium - outflow surface

33
Q

What 3 layers of the valves are composed of fibroelastic CT?

A

They contain collagen or elastic fbers in various proportions

Fibrosa - dense, mostly collagen I fibers - structural integrity and resists stretching and breaking

Spongiosa - loose, 50/50 mix; compressable core that absorbs some force of blood hitting the valve

Elastic layer - dense, mostly elastic fibers; allows valve to stretch and then snap back (recoil)

FoundSci Unit 6 (14 decks)

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