Heart Sounds Flashcards
Normal
NORMAL
Band 2: The first heart sound is lower in frequency than the second.
NORMAL
Band 3: The second heart sound is shorter and of higher frequency, best heard over the pulmonic valve.
Band 4: Murmurs may indicate pathology. They can be systolic, diastolic, or both. Classification is based on duration, intensity, frequency, and valve region.
MURMUR OF MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
Band 5: Mitral insufficiency causes a mixed-frequency holosystolic murmur, which may obliterate the second heart sound.
HEART FAILURE
Band 6: Heart failure can lead to an audible third heart sound (S3) due to blood inflow into an overfilled ventricle.
SEAGULL MURMUR OR SYSTOLIC WHOOP
Band 7: Mitral insufficiency murmur can radiate dorsally and mimic tricuspid insufficiency. A systolic hoop (seagull murmur) is a high-frequency variation.
MUSICAL WHOOP
Band 8: The systolic hoop murmur varies in frequency and may alternate with the typical holosystolic mitral insufficiency murmur.
SYSTOLIC MURMUR
Band 9: Anemia-induced murmur is a high-frequency systolic murmur, distinct from mitral insufficiency.
AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
Band 10: Aortic insufficiency presents a high-frequency decrescendo diastolic murmur following S2.
ASYNCHRONOUS CLOSURE
Band 11: Split first heart sound (S1) occurs due to asynchronous closure of AV valves, normal in large dogs.
Splitting of first heart sound
Band 12: Comparison of normal S1 with a split S1.
SYSTOLIC CLICKS
Band 13: Systolic clicks are high-frequency sounds over the mitral valve, possibly preceding mitral insufficiency.
Splitting of second heart sound
Band 14: Split second heart sound (S2) occurs when semilunar valve closure is delayed, common in chronic lung disease or heartworm disease.
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Band 15: Atrial fibrillation results in irregular rapid heart rate (>180 bpm), variable murmur intensity, and a pulse deficit.
ECTOPIC CONTRACTION
Band 16: Ectopic contractions (premature atrial/ventricular beats) disrupt rhythm; early S1 may differ in intensity.
BURSTS OF ATRIAL OR VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Band 17: Paroxysmal tachycardia (atrial/ventricular) causes sudden bursts of rapid beats, disrupting normal rhythm.
HEART BLOCK
Band 18: Heart block (complete or incomplete) leads to skipped ventricular contractions and atrial/ventricular rhythm dissociation.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Band 19: Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) produces a continuous “machinery murmur” heard at aortic and pulmonic valves.
DIAMOND-SHAPED MURMUR
Band 20: Pulmonic stenosis creates a crescendo-decrescendo (diamond-shaped) murmur in late systole.
AORTIC STENOSIS
Band 21: Aortic stenosis mimics pulmonic stenosis, with radiation to cervical vessels.
HOLOSYSTOLIC MURMUR
Band 22: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) results in a harsh holosystolic murmur at the mitral/tricuspid valve regions.
