Heart & Peripheral Vascular

Question 1

Cardiovascular consist of

Answer 1

Heart (muscular pump)
Blood vessels (tubes = arteries and veins)

Question 2

Precordium

Answer 2

Area on anterior chest overlaying the mediastinum (heart & great vessels)

Question 3

Heart => base? Apex?

Answer 3

Base: on top of the heart
Apex narrow bottom portion of the heart/point of heart

Question 4

Position of heart?

Answer 4

2nd ICS- 5th ICS
Right sternal border to the left midclavicular line
Right side (heart) = Anterior
Left side (heart) = posterior
Right ventricles = behind sternum & anterior cardiac surface
Left ventricles (pump blood out) = posterior & at apex of heart

Question 5

Layers of heart 3

Answer 5

Pericardium (sac filled with fluid)
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

Question 6

Pericardium

Answer 6

Tough fibrous double wall sac, filled with pericardial fluid that decreases friction

Question 7

Epicardium

Answer 7

Outermost layer of heart and innermost layer pericardium

Question 8

Myocardium

Answer 8

Muscular wall, responsible for pumping

Question 9

Endocardium

Answer 9

This layer of epithelial tissue that lines inner surface of heart & forms valves

Question 10

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 10

Fluid build up = pericardial sac become inflamed & squeeze the heart & hear a granting rub
Med emergency, shock

Question 11

Pericarditis

Answer 11

Inflammation of the pericardium (layer around heart & sac membrane)
Hear a rub as symptom

Question 12

Endocarditis

Answer 12

Infection of the inner lining
Risk Factor = infection in blood (septicemia), use of contaminated needle, IV drug abuse, oral hygiene, artificial devices

Question 13

Septum

Answer 13

Impermeable wall that separate the right & left sides of heart

Question 14

Blood flow = Heat?

Answer 14

RA => Tricuspid valve => RV => Pulmonic valve => Lungs
LA => Mitral valve => LV => Aortic valve => aorta => body

Question 15

Anatomy of pumps => Right vs Left

Answer 15

Right => pulmonary circulation
Left => systemic circulation

Question 16

Importance of Valves

Answer 16

Keep the blood going in one direction = prevent back flow
When the valves become damaged = back flow
Associated to turbulence & called murmur cuz it can damage the heart & cardio system

Question 17

Epitrochlear node location?

Answer 17

Elbow

Question 18

What does Lymphatic do? /purpose

Answer 18

Lymph nodes => filter fluids (fluids & plasma protein =leak out) before returning to the blood stream
Part of the immune system function

Question 19

What happens do lymph nodes during infection?

Answer 19

Nodes will be SWOLLEN/ enlarged/ tender downstream from infection

Question 20

Semilunar valves

Answer 20

Separate ventricles
Pulmonic valve = RV & PA (pulmonary artery)
Aortic valve = LV & Aorta

Question 21

Atrioventricular Valves

Answer 21

Tricuspid = separates RA from RV
Mitral/ bicuspid = separates LA from LV

Question 22

No valves between

Answer 22

RA & Vena cava
LA & pulmonary veins

Question 23

Diastole

Answer 23

Ventricles relaxed & blood flows into them
AV valves open
Pressure in atria higher than ventricles/blood pours into ventricles (early dia)

Question 24

Presystole (atrial kick)

Answer 24

Atria contract to push last amount of blood into ventricles
Atrial kick = happens at the end of this cycle (atria contract & push left over blood)

Question 25

Systole

Answer 25

Ventricular pressure higher than atrial Closure of AV valves (tricuspid & mitral)

Question 26

S1

Answer 26

Lub & mitral & tricuspid close => loudest at Apex of heart

Question 27

S2

Answer 27

Dub => heard at Aortic & Pulmonic => Base of heart

Question 28

S3

Answer 28

S3 => happens after S2 => Kentucky => heard when Wet (extra fluid, excess IV solution, fluid overload, pregnant, HF, CHF) Come at the END

Question 29

S4

Answer 29

Occurs before S1 Caused by rigid heart =>heart is inflexible S4 =>S1 => S2 => S3

Question 30

Pressure in the Right side of heart is

Answer 30

Lower than Left side R less than L

Question 31

Events occur __________ on Right side of heart

Answer 31

Slower => due to depolarization

Question 32

Valves on Right side of heart_______

Answer 32

Close LATER than on the Left

Question 33

Right side of heart____

Answer 33

Pressure Lower & Slower & R valves close later

Question 34

Impulses start at

Answer 34

SA node Sinoatrial node Sinus node

Question 35

Pacemaker of heart

Answer 35

SA node/Sinoatrial

Question 36

Automaticity

Answer 36

Unique ability of cardiac tissue to contract by itself in response to electrical concurrent, auto response of heart

Question 37

P QRS T

Answer 37

P => depolarization of Atria QRS => depolarization of Ventricles T => repolarization of Ventricles A => V => V D => D => R

Question 38

Preload

Answer 38

Stretch (diastole) applied to ventricles Volume of blood received by heart

Question 39

After load

Answer 39

After load (squeeze) => resistance The resistance the heart must overcome to eject/pump blood to body

Question 40

Carotid artery

Answer 40

Carotid artery located between the trachea & sternocleidomastoid Pulse coincides (يتزامن) with ventricular systole S1 Pressure on it can stimulate PNS => slow HR Check one side only cuz May impact blood supply to brain

Question 41

Jugular venous pulse

Answer 41

Blood coming from brain neck empty in superior vena cava Jugular vine reflects =>activity on Right heart side Jugular vines =>blood is blocked => cuz of edema/fluid overload => j vein widen & expands Laying down flat (see it normal) / sitting up & distended (obvious => fluid overload)

Question 42

Development issue Elderly

Answer 42

Systolic pressure (top#) go up/raise Diastolic pressure (bottom#) go down Widening (high) pulse pressure

Question 43

Arterial insufficiency = Chronic

Answer 43

Chronic = gradual narrowing of vessels 1= Intermittent Claudication 2= Cool Pale Shiny skin 3= Decreased hair growth 4= Sores on the end of Toes, necrotic toes

Question 44

Arterial insufficiency = Acute

Answer 44

Acute = Lost the ability to have circulation 1 = Throbbing pain 2 = Sudden onset 3 = 4 P = Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paresthesia Cool (legs, hands)

Question 45

Veins = Chronic insufficiency

Answer 45

1 = Aching, dull, tired leg cuz of standing 2 = Edema +1 +4 3 = Varicosities 4 = Weeping Ulcers 5 = Brown / Hemosiderin discoloration 6 = Venous hum = turbulence sound

Question 46

Veins = Acute insufficiency

Answer 46

DVT 1 = Warm Red Swollen 2 = Pain with Dorsiflexion = Homan’s sign 3 = Sudden onset 4 = Unilateral = one side