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CV II > Heart pathology > Flashcards

Heart pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Heart failure cells

A

Left sided heart failure

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2
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

Right sided heart failure

secondary to lung disease

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3
Q

Pitting edema and hepatosplenomegaly

A

right sided heart failure

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4
Q

Lower extremity cyanosis

A

Infantile coarctation of the aorta

associated with a PDA

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5
Q

Hypertension in upper extremities and weak pulses in lower extremities

A

Adult coarctation of the aorta

Collateral circulation develops across the intercostal arteries; engorged arteries cause rib notching

Associated with bicupsid aortic valve

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6
Q

NKX2.5

A

ASD or conduction defects

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7
Q

TBX1 (deletion in 22q11.2)

A

DiGeorge syndrome- ASD, VSD, or outflow tract obstruction

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8
Q

FBN1

A

Marfan syndrome- aortic aneurysms, valve abnormalities

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9
Q

Eisenmenger syndrome

A

Large VSD with irreversible pulmonary hypertension

Can lead to shunt reversal

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10
Q

Types of atrial septal defects

A
  1. Secundum- involves fossa ovalis
  2. Primum- adjacent to AV vale
  3. Sinus venosus- near superior vena cava
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11
Q

continuous harsh machine like murmur

A

patent ductus arteriosus

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12
Q

Tetralogy of fallot

A
  1. Stenosis of the R ventricular outflow tract
  2. Right ventricular hypertrophy
  3. Ventricular septal defect
  4. Aorta that overrides the VSD
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13
Q

Boot shaped heart

A

tetralogy of fallot

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14
Q

Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and complete occlusion of a coronary artery

A

MI

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15
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A

aorta from R ventricle
pulmonary artery from L ventricle

Incompatible with life unless you have a septal defect

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16
Q

4 clinical syndromes of ischemic heart disease

A
  1. Sudden cardiac death
  2. Angina pectoris
  3. Myocardial infarction
  4. Chronic ischemic heart disease
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17
Q

prinzmetal angina

A

sustained vasospasm causing angina

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18
Q

Kills young athletes

A

Sudden cardiac death

19
Q

Subendocardial infarction

A

Area of ischemic necrosis limited to inner 1/2
May occurs as a result of acute plaque change and thrombosis

May result from reduction in systemic blood pressure- shock

20
Q

Transmural infarction

A

Ischemic necrosis involves >50% of the ventricular wall thickness
commonly associated with acute plaque change from thrombosis

21
Q

myocardial stunning

A

prolonged ischemic dysfunction with CHF

Reversible

22
Q

criteria for diagnosing left sided hypertensive heart disease

A

o Left Ventricular Hypertrophy- usually concentric, in the absence of other cardiovascular pathology that may have induced it
o A history of HTN or pathologic evidence of systemic htn in other organs

23
Q

Crescendo-decrescendo murmur

A

aortic stenosis

24
Q

mid-systolic click followed by a regurgitation murmur

A

mitral valve prolapse

25
Q

dilation of annulus and jet lesions

A

mitral valve prolapse

26
Q

Acute rheumatic fever

A
  1. Migratory polyarthritis
  2. Pancarditis- mitral valve vegetations, Aschotf bodies, and pericardial rub
  3. Subcutaneous nodules
  4. Erythema marginatum
  5. Sydenham chorea
27
Q

Most common cause of endocarditis

A

strep viridans

28
Q

Most common cause of endocarditis in IV drug users

A

Staph aureus

High virulence organism that infects normal valves, most commonly the tricupsid

29
Q

Most common cause of endocarditis or prosthetic valves

A

staph epidermidis

30
Q

sterile vegetations along lines of closure

A

nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

31
Q

Thrombotic vegetations associated with lupus anticoagulant

A

Libman-sacks

32
Q

Fenfluramine/phenterimine, methysergide, ergotamine therapy

A

carcinoid heart disease

produce serotonin

33
Q

EF less than 40%

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

34
Q

arrythmias that involve the right heart

A

arrythomogenic right ventricular dysplasia

35
Q

myocarditis causes

A
  • coxsackieviruses A and B
  • Lyme disease- borrelia burgoferi
  • Chagas disease
  • Trichinosis
36
Q

mutation in chromosome 14

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

37
Q

amyloidosis

A

transthyretin mutation

38
Q

antiphospholipid syndrome

A

Lupus –> libman-sacks endocarditis

39
Q

Janeway lesions, oslier nodes, splinter hemorrhages

A

infectious endocarditis

janeway lesions- erythematous nontender lesions on palms and soles
osier nodes- tender lesions on fingers and toes
splinter hemorrhages- in nail beds due to embolization of septic vegetations

40
Q

viral cause

A

myocarditis

41
Q

transthyretin

A

amyloid –> restrictive cardiomyopathy

42
Q

subendocardial necrosis

A

less than 50% of the myocardial thickness

43
Q

transmural necrosis

A

greater than 50% of myocardial thickness

CV II (5 decks)

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